Descriptives, treatment assignment, compliance and balance

Descriptives

Sample descriptives
Mean SD N Percent
age 18-24 years old 655 18.42
25-34 years old 934 26.27
35-44 years old 684 19.24
45-54 years old 562 15.81
55-64 years old 421 11.84
65-74 years old 243 6.84
75+ years old 56 1.58
ambivalent_sexism_index 3.49 0.65 3555 100.00
pro_sociality_index 3.62 0.75 3555 100.00
climate_beliefs A great deal 785 22.08
A little 488 13.73
A lot 1177 33.11
Don't know 83 2.33
Moderately 873 24.56
Not at all 149 4.19
trust_government Don't know 479 13.47
Just about always 363 10.21
Most of the time 983 27.65
Only some of the time 1730 48.66
male 0 1630 45.85
1 1909 53.70
has_children 0 1483 41.72
1 2072 58.28
religiosity 0 927 26.08
1 768 21.60
2 650 18.28
3 355 9.99
4 534 15.02
5 321 9.03
owner_domicile 0 1838 51.70
1 1472 41.41
participated_protest_last_12_months 0 2764 77.75
1 791 22.25
demanded_action_last_12_months 0 2803 78.85
1 752 21.15
employment A homemaker or stay-at-home parent 89 2.50
Other: 51 1.43
Retired 377 10.60
Student 422 11.87
Unemployed and looking for work 301 8.47
Working full-time 1864 52.43
Working part-time 451 12.69
education Informal education only (including Koranic school) 35 0.98
No formal education 43 1.21
Post-university 213 5.99
Primary school 68 1.91
Secondary school 1214 34.15
University 1982 55.75
nationality East Asia 6 0.17
Eastern Europe (outside France) 35 0.98
France 1739 48.92
Latin America 7 0.20
North Africa 62 1.74
North America 2 0.06
Oceania 3 0.08
South Asia 4 0.11
Sub-Saharan Africa 21 0.59
Western Europe (outside France) 62 1.74
ethnicity Abbey 57 1.60
Abron 42 1.18
Adjoukrou 70 1.97
Agni 158 4.44
Attié 90 2.53
Avikam 14 0.39
Bambara 32 0.90
Baoulé 391 11.00
Bété 120 3.38
Dida 38 1.07
Dioula 81 2.28
Don't know 38 1.07
Godié 11 0.31
Gouro 45 1.27
Guéré 54 1.52
Koulango 20 0.56
Kroumen 13 0.37
Lobi 3 0.08
Malinké/Maninka 58 1.63
Only Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) 100 2.81
Senoufo 117 3.29
Yacouba 62 1.74

Treatment assignment and compliance

Treatment assignment
treatment N Percent
Man_agent 881 24.78
Man_victim 889 25.01
Woman_agent 877 24.67
Woman_victim 908 25.54
photo_recall gender_photo victim_agent_photo
Treatment received
treatment Man holding bucket Man holding sign Woman holding bucket Woman holding sign Don’t know Man There was no person in the photo Woman Don’t know The person was a victim of climate change The person was mobilizing to combat climate change
Man_agent 27.00 799.00 11.00 44.00 10.00 818.00 2.00 51.00 31.00 429.00 421.00
Man_victim 678.00 34.00 154.00 23.00 5.00 711.00 3.00 170.00 29.00 770.00 90.00
Woman_agent 5.00 77.00 23.00 772.00 1.00 71.00 2.00 803.00 16.00 300.00 561.00
Woman_victim 20.00 17.00 825.00 46.00 4.00 28.00 3.00 873.00 39.00 779.00 90.00

Balance

Man_agent (N=881) Man_victim (N=889) Woman_agent (N=877) Woman_victim (N=908)
Proportions across treatment groups, each pre-specified covariate
Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.
male 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
has_children 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5
religiosity 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7
owner_domicile 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
ambivalent_sexism_index 3.5 0.6 3.4 0.7 3.5 0.6 3.5 0.7
pro_sociality_index 3.6 0.8 3.6 0.8 3.6 0.7 3.6 0.7
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
N Pct. N Pct. N Pct. N Pct.
age 18-24 years old 160 18.2 165 18.6 176 20.1 154 17.0
25-34 years old 240 27.2 222 25.0 222 25.3 250 27.5
35-44 years old 168 19.1 176 19.8 172 19.6 168 18.5
45-54 years old 138 15.7 136 15.3 129 14.7 159 17.5
55-64 years old 103 11.7 107 12.0 106 12.1 105 11.6
65-74 years old 66 7.5 64 7.2 60 6.8 53 5.8
75+ years old 6 0.7 19 2.1 12 1.4 19 2.1
employment A homemaker or stay-at-home parent 18 2.0 26 2.9 19 2.2 26 2.9
Other: 11 1.2 14 1.6 11 1.3 15 1.7
Retired 91 10.3 107 12.0 87 9.9 92 10.1
Student 115 13.1 93 10.5 107 12.2 107 11.8
Unemployed and looking for work 70 7.9 77 8.7 84 9.6 70 7.7
Working full-time 473 53.7 466 52.4 461 52.6 464 51.1
Working part-time 103 11.7 106 11.9 108 12.3 134 14.8
education Informal education only (including Koranic school) 10 1.1 8 0.9 8 0.9 9 1.0
No formal education 13 1.5 5 0.6 10 1.1 15 1.7
Post-university 62 7.0 44 4.9 58 6.6 49 5.4
Primary school 17 1.9 19 2.1 13 1.5 19 2.1
Secondary school 306 34.7 301 33.9 285 32.5 322 35.5
University 473 53.7 512 57.6 503 57.4 494 54.4
nationality East Asia 1 0.1 1 0.1 3 0.3 1 0.1
Eastern Europe (outside France) 5 0.6 13 1.5 7 0.8 10 1.1
France 435 49.4 441 49.6 423 48.2 440 48.5
Latin America 3 0.3 1 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.2
North Africa 21 2.4 12 1.3 14 1.6 15 1.7
North America 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1
Oceania 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 2 0.2
South Asia 2 0.2 1 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 8 0.9 6 0.7 3 0.3 4 0.4
Western Europe (outside France) 12 1.4 14 1.6 19 2.2 17 1.9
NA 393 44.6 400 45.0 405 46.2 416 45.8
ethnicity Abbey 11 1.2 11 1.2 14 1.6 21 2.3
Abron 12 1.4 12 1.3 6 0.7 12 1.3
Adjoukrou 14 1.6 22 2.5 22 2.5 12 1.3
Agni 40 4.5 36 4.0 45 5.1 37 4.1
Attié 28 3.2 27 3.0 16 1.8 19 2.1
Avikam 4 0.5 3 0.3 7 0.8 0 0.0
Bambara 7 0.8 7 0.8 11 1.3 7 0.8
Baoulé 96 10.9 88 9.9 102 11.6 105 11.6
Bété 23 2.6 33 3.7 26 3.0 38 4.2
Dida 7 0.8 9 1.0 11 1.3 11 1.2
Dioula 22 2.5 15 1.7 22 2.5 22 2.4
Don't know 4 0.5 11 1.2 11 1.3 12 1.3
Godié 3 0.3 1 0.1 1 0.1 6 0.7
Gouro 6 0.7 15 1.7 11 1.3 13 1.4
Guéré 14 1.6 12 1.3 12 1.4 16 1.8
Koulango 5 0.6 11 1.2 3 0.3 1 0.1
Kroumen 4 0.5 3 0.3 3 0.3 3 0.3
Lobi 3 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Malinké/Maninka 11 1.2 16 1.8 13 1.5 18 2.0
Only Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) 26 3.0 24 2.7 24 2.7 26 2.9
Senoufo 36 4.1 28 3.1 33 3.8 20 2.2
Yacouba 17 1.9 16 1.8 12 1.4 17 1.9
NA 488 55.4 489 55.0 472 53.8 492 54.2
climate_beliefs A great deal 185 21.0 185 20.8 198 22.6 217 23.9
A little 115 13.1 128 14.4 122 13.9 123 13.5
A lot 303 34.4 308 34.6 288 32.8 278 30.6
Don't know 25 2.8 21 2.4 20 2.3 17 1.9
Moderately 216 24.5 217 24.4 213 24.3 227 25.0
Not at all 37 4.2 30 3.4 36 4.1 46 5.1
trust_government Don't know 114 12.9 115 12.9 131 14.9 119 13.1
Just about always 80 9.1 90 10.1 95 10.8 98 10.8
Most of the time 248 28.1 239 26.9 249 28.4 247 27.2
Only some of the time 439 49.8 445 50.1 402 45.8 444 48.9
Balance test
Man victim Man agent Woman victim Woman agent
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Each model is a linear regression of each treatment group indicator on covariates. All regressions use robust standard errors.
(Intercept) 0.440*** 0.015 0.320** 0.224*
(0.106) (0.104) (0.113) (0.108)
male 0.008 −0.001 −0.012 0.006
(0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016)
age25-34 years old −0.054+ 0.061* 0.036 −0.042
(0.028) (0.028) (0.029) (0.029)
age35-44 years old −0.039 0.043 0.023 −0.027
(0.031) (0.030) (0.031) (0.031)
age45-54 years old −0.057+ 0.042 0.057+ −0.042
(0.033) (0.032) (0.034) (0.033)
age55-64 years old −0.058 0.041 0.019 −0.002
(0.037) (0.036) (0.037) (0.037)
age65-74 years old −0.075 0.059 −0.009 0.026
(0.055) (0.056) (0.056) (0.052)
age75+ years old 0.003 −0.115+ 0.121 −0.009
(0.080) (0.068) (0.081) (0.071)
employmentOther × 0.029 0.001 −0.011 −0.019
(0.083) (0.074) (0.084) (0.076)
employmentRetired 0.027 0.040 −0.037 −0.030
(0.064) (0.062) (0.067) (0.060)
employmentStudent −0.090 0.085 −0.008 0.013
(0.057) (0.055) (0.060) (0.058)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work −0.009 0.031 −0.077 0.056
(0.056) (0.053) (0.058) (0.056)
employmentWorking full-time −0.017 0.042 −0.042 0.017
(0.050) (0.047) (0.053) (0.048)
employmentWorking part-time −0.029 0.021 −0.002 0.011
(0.053) (0.050) (0.056) (0.052)
educationNo formal education −0.129 0.076 0.030 0.023
(0.094) (0.106) (0.112) (0.103)
educationPost-university −0.017 0.014 −0.066 0.069
(0.083) (0.085) (0.090) (0.083)
educationPrimary school 0.039 0.001 −0.019 −0.020
(0.096) (0.096) (0.103) (0.093)
educationSecondary school 0.010 −0.010 −0.023 0.023
(0.079) (0.080) (0.086) (0.078)
educationUniversity 0.034 −0.035 −0.043 0.044
(0.079) (0.079) (0.086) (0.077)
has_children −0.014 −0.005 0.004 0.015
(0.018) (0.018) (0.019) (0.018)
religiosity −0.004 0.001 0.001 0.003
(0.005) (0.005) (0.006) (0.005)
owner_domicile −0.007 0.019 −0.014 0.002
(0.017) (0.017) (0.018) (0.018)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.034** 0.032* −0.010 0.012
(0.012) (0.012) (0.013) (0.012)
climate_beliefsA little 0.007 0.008 −0.018 0.004
(0.027) (0.026) (0.027) (0.027)
climate_beliefsA lot 0.019 0.028 −0.038+ −0.009
(0.021) (0.021) (0.021) (0.021)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.020 0.080 −0.053 −0.007
(0.054) (0.057) (0.052) (0.054)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.006 0.018 −0.008 −0.004
(0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.023)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.048 0.003 0.035 0.010
(0.039) (0.040) (0.044) (0.042)
pro_sociality_index −0.011 0.010 0.009 −0.009
(0.012) (0.012) (0.012) (0.012)
trust_governmentJust about always 0.014 −0.029 0.030 −0.014
(0.032) (0.032) (0.034) (0.034)
trust_governmentMost of the time 0.002 0.017 0.006 −0.024
(0.026) (0.027) (0.027) (0.027)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time 0.022 0.011 0.011 −0.044+
(0.024) (0.024) (0.025) (0.025)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.019 0.004 −0.025 0.001
(0.020) (0.020) (0.021) (0.021)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.006 −0.015 −0.001 0.010
(0.020) (0.020) (0.021) (0.021)
Num.Obs. 3297 3297 3297 3297
R2 0.012 0.010 0.009 0.005
F.statistic 1.302 1.115 0.863 0.535
F.p.value 0.116 0.298 0.692 0.986

Main hypothesis 1 (M1).

Feminization of climate change communication will politically demobilize Ivorian citizens. We expect that this will have no effect or a positive effect on French citizens. We present country-wise regressions in the main paper and pooled regressions across the sample in the appendix.

CDI, unadjusted CDI, adjusted FR, unadjusted FR, adjusted Pooled, unadjusted Pooled, adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Outcome is a PCA index of the three political mobilization outcomes. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) −0.461*** 3.290*** 0.352*** 2.286*** −0.014 3.492***
(0.048) (0.778) (0.046) (0.554) (0.035) (0.312)
treatment_female 0.058 0.064 0.019 0.016 0.028 0.034
(0.067) (0.067) (0.065) (0.057) (0.049) (0.045)
male −0.168* 0.040 −0.027
(0.077) (0.061) (0.046)
age25-34 years old −0.339** −0.036 −0.264**
(0.107) (0.146) (0.086)
age35-44 years old −0.380** −0.096 −0.175+
(0.127) (0.147) (0.093)
age45-54 years old −0.505** −0.082 −0.099
(0.160) (0.149) (0.099)
age55-64 years old −0.285 −0.355* −0.217*
(0.346) (0.153) (0.110)
age75+ years old 0.698+ −0.203 0.045
(0.370) (0.233) (0.211)
employmentOther × −0.074 0.213 −0.137
(0.334) (0.241) (0.197)
employmentRetired 0.499 0.229 0.030
(0.663) (0.202) (0.181)
employmentStudent 0.228 −0.007 0.156
(0.271) (0.247) (0.165)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.065 0.292 0.104
(0.268) (0.232) (0.163)
employmentWorking full-time 0.043 0.318+ 0.143
(0.256) (0.170) (0.140)
employmentWorking part-time −0.034 0.423* 0.056
(0.260) (0.189) (0.147)
educationNo formal education −0.953 −0.480 −0.619*
(0.826) (0.359) (0.315)
educationPost-university −1.364+ −0.618* −0.796**
(0.775) (0.261) (0.249)
educationPrimary school −1.069 −0.816* −0.858**
(0.811) (0.340) (0.296)
educationSecondary school −1.158 −0.543* −0.666**
(0.767) (0.244) (0.236)
educationUniversity −1.281+ −0.516* −0.735**
(0.765) (0.241) (0.234)
has_children −0.107 0.009 −0.091+
(0.087) (0.067) (0.053)
religiosity 0.009 −0.073** −0.067***
(0.024) (0.026) (0.016)
ethnicityAbron 0.215
(0.186)
ethnicityAdjoukrou 0.202
(0.166)
ethnicityAgni 0.349*
(0.162)
ethnicityAttié 0.251
(0.181)
ethnicityAvikam 0.385
(0.418)
ethnicityBambara 0.130
(0.262)
ethnicityBaoulé 0.170
(0.133)
ethnicityBété 0.350*
(0.173)
ethnicityDida 0.143
(0.248)
ethnicityDioula 0.381*
(0.189)
ethnicityDon't know 0.040
(0.283)
ethnicityGodié −0.218
(0.457)
ethnicityGouro −0.133
(0.204)
ethnicityGuéré −0.141
(0.211)
ethnicityKoulango −0.176
(0.362)
ethnicityKroumen 0.195
(0.397)
ethnicityLobi 0.562+
(0.289)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka 0.390+
(0.226)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) 0.363*
(0.182)
ethnicitySenoufo 0.231
(0.167)
ethnicityYacouba 0.223
(0.216)
owner_domicile −0.367*** 0.097 0.080
(0.096) (0.062) (0.051)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.291*** −0.133* −0.205***
(0.058) (0.055) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA little 0.143 0.792*** 0.427***
(0.120) (0.112) (0.083)
climate_beliefsA lot 0.155+ 0.154+ 0.125*
(0.091) (0.085) (0.062)
climate_beliefsDon't know 0.642* 0.377* 0.412*
(0.264) (0.186) (0.164)
climate_beliefsModerately 0.283** 0.520*** 0.406***
(0.103) (0.089) (0.067)
climate_beliefsNot at all 0.635** 1.359*** 0.986***
(0.210) (0.189) (0.142)
pro_sociality_index −0.305*** −0.566*** −0.525***
(0.059) (0.050) (0.039)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.260+ 0.080 −0.141
(0.136) (0.165) (0.106)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.203+ −0.180 −0.180*
(0.111) (0.115) (0.079)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.181+ −0.003 −0.036
(0.105) (0.105) (0.075)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.168+ −0.569*** −0.444***
(0.088) (0.085) (0.061)
demanded_action_last_12_months −0.279** −0.198* −0.300***
(0.089) (0.079) (0.059)
age65-74 years old −0.248 −0.093
(0.189) (0.161)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 1.055*
(0.461)
nationalityFrance 0.621
(0.394)
nationalityLatin America 0.401
(0.535)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.468
(0.434)
nationalityNorth America −0.685
(1.483)
nationalityOceania −1.000+
(0.539)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.775
(0.801)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.602
(0.512)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.768+
(0.431)
R2 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.25
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1925 1877 3539 3281
RMSE 1.35 1.22 1.42 1.21 1.44 1.26

Main hypothesis 2 (M2).

Victimization of climate change communication will politically demobilize Global South citizens. We expect that this will have no effect or a positive effect on French citizens. We present country-wise regressions in the main paper and pooled regressions across the sample in the appendix.

CDI, unadjusted CDI, adjusted FR, unadjusted FR, adjusted Pooled, unadjusted Pooled, adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Outcome is a PCA index of the three political mobilization outcomes. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) −0.455*** 3.271*** 0.339*** 2.273*** −0.023 3.495***
(0.048) (0.756) (0.045) (0.550) (0.034) (0.312)
treatment_victim 0.047 0.065 0.044 0.037 0.046 0.020
(0.067) (0.067) (0.065) (0.057) (0.049) (0.044)
male −0.167* 0.040 −0.027
(0.077) (0.061) (0.046)
age25-34 years old −0.338** −0.035 −0.264**
(0.107) (0.146) (0.086)
age35-44 years old −0.382** −0.094 −0.175+
(0.128) (0.148) (0.093)
age45-54 years old −0.510** −0.081 −0.099
(0.160) (0.149) (0.099)
age55-64 years old −0.293 −0.352* −0.216+
(0.347) (0.153) (0.110)
age75+ years old 0.688+ −0.205 0.047
(0.375) (0.233) (0.211)
employmentOther × −0.064 0.213 −0.139
(0.333) (0.239) (0.197)
employmentRetired 0.500 0.228 0.028
(0.661) (0.201) (0.181)
employmentStudent 0.243 −0.004 0.158
(0.272) (0.248) (0.166)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.078 0.293 0.105
(0.269) (0.232) (0.163)
employmentWorking full-time 0.056 0.318+ 0.143
(0.257) (0.170) (0.140)
employmentWorking part-time −0.024 0.425* 0.057
(0.261) (0.189) (0.148)
educationNo formal education −0.942 −0.474 −0.615+
(0.809) (0.360) (0.315)
educationPost-university −1.356+ −0.616* −0.794**
(0.755) (0.262) (0.248)
educationPrimary school −1.058 −0.823* −0.860**
(0.791) (0.340) (0.295)
educationSecondary school −1.151 −0.543* −0.666**
(0.747) (0.244) (0.236)
educationUniversity −1.276+ −0.516* −0.735**
(0.745) (0.241) (0.233)
has_children −0.105 0.010 −0.090+
(0.087) (0.067) (0.053)
religiosity 0.010 −0.073** −0.067***
(0.024) (0.026) (0.016)
ethnicityAbron 0.200
(0.187)
ethnicityAdjoukrou 0.198
(0.167)
ethnicityAgni 0.346*
(0.162)
ethnicityAttié 0.236
(0.181)
ethnicityAvikam 0.397
(0.420)
ethnicityBambara 0.130
(0.262)
ethnicityBaoulé 0.167
(0.133)
ethnicityBété 0.343*
(0.173)
ethnicityDida 0.139
(0.247)
ethnicityDioula 0.384*
(0.189)
ethnicityDon't know 0.034
(0.283)
ethnicityGodié −0.223
(0.456)
ethnicityGouro −0.143
(0.204)
ethnicityGuéré −0.148
(0.211)
ethnicityKoulango −0.214
(0.364)
ethnicityKroumen 0.190
(0.401)
ethnicityLobi 0.566+
(0.291)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka 0.378+
(0.225)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) 0.357+
(0.183)
ethnicitySenoufo 0.228
(0.168)
ethnicityYacouba 0.210
(0.217)
owner_domicile −0.371*** 0.098 0.080
(0.096) (0.062) (0.051)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.289*** −0.131* −0.204***
(0.058) (0.055) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA little 0.136 0.795*** 0.427***
(0.120) (0.112) (0.083)
climate_beliefsA lot 0.149 0.156+ 0.123*
(0.091) (0.085) (0.062)
climate_beliefsDon't know 0.630* 0.385* 0.412*
(0.265) (0.186) (0.165)
climate_beliefsModerately 0.280** 0.522*** 0.406***
(0.103) (0.089) (0.067)
climate_beliefsNot at all 0.634** 1.363*** 0.988***
(0.211) (0.188) (0.142)
pro_sociality_index −0.304*** −0.565*** −0.525***
(0.059) (0.050) (0.039)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.260+ 0.077 −0.141
(0.136) (0.165) (0.106)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.203+ −0.181 −0.181*
(0.111) (0.115) (0.079)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.188+ −0.005 −0.037
(0.105) (0.105) (0.075)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.166+ −0.569*** −0.445***
(0.088) (0.085) (0.061)
demanded_action_last_12_months −0.280** −0.198* −0.300***
(0.089) (0.079) (0.059)
age65-74 years old −0.245 −0.090
(0.189) (0.162)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 1.041*
(0.455)
nationalityFrance 0.613
(0.387)
nationalityLatin America 0.394
(0.529)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.462
(0.427)
nationalityNorth America −0.691
(1.491)
nationalityOceania −0.998+
(0.543)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.771
(0.794)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.594
(0.507)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.762+
(0.424)
R2 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.25
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1925 1877 3539 3281
RMSE 1.35 1.22 1.42 1.21 1.44 1.26

Main hypothesis 3 (M3).

Feminization of climate change communication will increase support for Global South climate financing among Global North citizens (for all outcomes). We expect the same among Global South citizens but only for 5/6 outcomes. For Global South citizens, we expect the last outcome (willingness to pay) to move in the opposite direction. We present country-wise regressions in the main paper and pooled regressions across the sample in the appendix.

Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, Ivorian sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on Ivorian sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.846*** 0.498+ 0.444*** 0.440+ 0.329*** −0.070 0.842*** 0.509* 0.107*** 0.063 0.792*** 0.500***
(0.013) (0.296) (0.018) (0.231) (0.017) (0.334) (0.013) (0.244) (0.011) (0.091) (0.014) (0.123)
treatment_female −0.012 −0.005 −0.003 −0.003 0.134*** 0.151*** −0.029 −0.037+ 0.009 0.003 0.019 0.024
(0.018) (0.019) (0.025) (0.027) (0.024) (0.025) (0.019) (0.019) (0.016) (0.017) (0.020) (0.020)
male 0.033 0.031 −0.054+ 0.068** 0.036+ 0.007
(0.022) (0.030) (0.028) (0.023) (0.019) (0.023)
age25-34 years old 0.014 0.033 0.020 0.024 0.002 0.062*
(0.029) (0.042) (0.039) (0.032) (0.027) (0.031)
age35-44 years old 0.021 0.046 0.074 0.039 0.055+ 0.032
(0.035) (0.049) (0.046) (0.035) (0.032) (0.037)
age45-54 years old −0.015 0.051 0.097+ 0.069+ 0.102* 0.010
(0.045) (0.062) (0.058) (0.042) (0.046) (0.046)
age55-64 years old −0.089 0.194+ −0.037 −0.054 0.100 −0.044
(0.103) (0.104) (0.098) (0.094) (0.087) (0.090)
age75+ years old 0.533*** −0.671*** 0.362* 0.254* 0.051 −1.009***
(0.126) (0.156) (0.160) (0.116) (0.059) (0.067)
employmentOther × 0.084 0.197 0.010 −0.011 −0.053 0.176
(0.099) (0.141) (0.127) (0.088) (0.102) (0.128)
employmentRetired −0.195 0.064 0.016 −0.106 −0.021 0.400**
(0.229) (0.209) (0.198) (0.155) (0.166) (0.123)
employmentStudent 0.122 0.033 −0.019 −0.178* −0.089 0.229*
(0.086) (0.109) (0.099) (0.077) (0.073) (0.099)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.104 −0.027 −0.039 −0.057 −0.056 0.257**
(0.085) (0.108) (0.099) (0.075) (0.072) (0.098)
employmentWorking full-time 0.055 0.070 −0.032 −0.101 −0.084 0.252**
(0.082) (0.104) (0.095) (0.072) (0.068) (0.095)
employmentWorking part-time 0.035 0.054 0.011 −0.074 −0.057 0.245*
(0.084) (0.106) (0.097) (0.073) (0.070) (0.097)
educationNo formal education −0.025 0.317 0.089 0.102 0.024 −0.098
(0.306) (0.249) (0.332) (0.227) (0.053) (0.080)
educationPost-university 0.113 0.277 0.034 0.143 0.168** −0.315***
(0.289) (0.218) (0.307) (0.205) (0.061) (0.085)
educationPrimary school 0.207 0.182 0.131 0.092 0.084 −0.205+
(0.290) (0.228) (0.317) (0.214) (0.066) (0.106)
educationSecondary school 0.156 0.182 0.019 0.091 0.129** −0.232**
(0.287) (0.213) (0.303) (0.203) (0.049) (0.074)
educationUniversity 0.133 0.238 0.024 0.104 0.137** −0.281***
(0.286) (0.212) (0.302) (0.202) (0.047) (0.072)
has_children 0.026 0.004 0.091** 0.038 −0.010 0.031
(0.025) (0.034) (0.033) (0.024) (0.022) (0.025)
religiosity −0.005 0.009 −0.011 −0.006 0.001 0.004
(0.007) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007)
ethnicityAbron −0.001 −0.173 0.104 0.065 −0.003 0.002
(0.059) (0.108) (0.101) (0.063) (0.065) (0.077)
ethnicityAdjoukrou −0.166* −0.212* 0.084 0.034 −0.048 0.114*
(0.066) (0.091) (0.091) (0.059) (0.052) (0.058)
ethnicityAgni −0.105* −0.170* 0.021 0.005 −0.018 0.075
(0.052) (0.085) (0.084) (0.061) (0.052) (0.062)
ethnicityAttié −0.028 −0.109 0.123 −0.012 −0.038 0.104
(0.054) (0.092) (0.091) (0.067) (0.057) (0.066)
ethnicityAvikam −0.124 −0.056 0.083 0.227** 0.134 0.252***
(0.132) (0.161) (0.151) (0.069) (0.126) (0.066)
ethnicityBambara −0.103 0.014 0.237+ 0.014 −0.028 −0.034
(0.084) (0.117) (0.121) (0.077) (0.076) (0.092)
ethnicityBaoulé −0.077+ −0.067 0.135+ 0.047 −0.029 0.083
(0.045) (0.079) (0.079) (0.055) (0.049) (0.057)
ethnicityBété −0.124* −0.108 0.166+ −0.000 −0.062 0.091
(0.056) (0.088) (0.089) (0.063) (0.054) (0.064)
ethnicityDida −0.028 −0.052 0.264* −0.077 −0.058 0.051
(0.066) (0.112) (0.110) (0.087) (0.065) (0.083)
ethnicityDioula −0.097 −0.108 0.162+ 0.026 −0.063 −0.001
(0.059) (0.094) (0.093) (0.066) (0.057) (0.072)
ethnicityDon't know −0.035 −0.159 0.048 0.071 −0.006 0.088
(0.082) (0.113) (0.115) (0.084) (0.074) (0.092)
ethnicityGodié −0.156 0.031 0.207 −0.011 −0.081+ −0.026
(0.158) (0.186) (0.168) (0.124) (0.048) (0.135)
ethnicityGouro −0.171* −0.011 −0.060 0.049 −0.040 0.083
(0.077) (0.106) (0.096) (0.076) (0.064) (0.074)
ethnicityGuéré −0.137* 0.055 0.199+ 0.070 −0.030 0.083
(0.069) (0.101) (0.103) (0.068) (0.066) (0.074)
ethnicityKoulango 0.115* −0.200 0.198 0.171* −0.025 0.169*
(0.054) (0.148) (0.132) (0.076) (0.074) (0.070)
ethnicityKroumen −0.005 0.131 0.294+ 0.074 −0.118* 0.022
(0.105) (0.173) (0.160) (0.105) (0.047) (0.122)
ethnicityLobi 0.110 0.155 −0.018 0.069 −0.178+ 0.034
(0.089) (0.339) (0.264) (0.076) (0.092) (0.295)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka −0.049 −0.146 0.192+ 0.040 −0.012 −0.047
(0.064) (0.104) (0.100) (0.074) (0.072) (0.082)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) −0.042 −0.031 −0.011 0.003 −0.043 0.033
(0.054) (0.091) (0.089) (0.065) (0.055) (0.068)
ethnicitySenoufo −0.060 −0.196* 0.108 0.034 0.017 0.023
(0.053) (0.088) (0.089) (0.062) (0.059) (0.065)
ethnicityYacouba −0.013 −0.052 0.190+ 0.040 −0.056 0.070
(0.059) (0.099) (0.098) (0.065) (0.061) (0.071)
owner_domicile −0.010 −0.090* 0.031 0.055* −0.019 0.030
(0.029) (0.039) (0.036) (0.028) (0.026) (0.030)
ambivalent_sexism_index 0.050** −0.052* 0.059** 0.037* 0.014 0.009
(0.017) (0.022) (0.021) (0.017) (0.014) (0.017)
climate_beliefsA little 0.034 −0.053 0.141** −0.005 −0.072* −0.035
(0.031) (0.045) (0.043) (0.031) (0.031) (0.035)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.023 −0.012 −0.018 −0.050* −0.070** 0.001
(0.024) (0.035) (0.033) (0.025) (0.025) (0.027)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.216** −0.027 0.164+ −0.240** −0.119** −0.190*
(0.079) (0.093) (0.094) (0.089) (0.041) (0.088)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.066* −0.064 0.057 −0.033 −0.105*** 0.009
(0.030) (0.042) (0.040) (0.030) (0.027) (0.031)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.140* −0.070 0.152* −0.065 −0.110** 0.058
(0.064) (0.076) (0.076) (0.059) (0.039) (0.053)
pro_sociality_index 0.021 −0.010 −0.018 0.011 −0.011 0.030+
(0.017) (0.022) (0.021) (0.015) (0.012) (0.016)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.095** 0.022 0.055 0.096* 0.030 0.107**
(0.036) (0.050) (0.048) (0.037) (0.030) (0.035)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.036 −0.001 0.064 0.104** 0.057* 0.070*
(0.029) (0.042) (0.040) (0.033) (0.026) (0.033)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.059* 0.033 −0.017 0.068* 0.032 0.009
(0.027) (0.041) (0.037) (0.033) (0.025) (0.033)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.016 0.077* 0.095** 0.016 0.005 0.029
(0.024) (0.035) (0.033) (0.024) (0.024) (0.025)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.030 −0.039 0.105** 0.071** −0.011 0.059*
(0.025) (0.037) (0.034) (0.023) (0.025) (0.026)
R2 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.08
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404
RMSE 0.37 0.35 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.36
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, French sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on French sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.436*** 0.383 0.498*** 0.489+ 0.268*** −0.030 0.510*** 0.314 0.039*** −0.132** 0.488*** 0.245
(0.016) (0.299) (0.016) (0.278) (0.014) (0.307) (0.016) (0.293) (0.006) (0.047) (0.016) (0.273)
treatment_female −0.032 −0.040+ 0.005 0.008 0.092*** 0.095*** −0.021 −0.021 −0.005 −0.006 0.016 0.018
(0.023) (0.022) (0.023) (0.023) (0.021) (0.021) (0.023) (0.022) (0.009) (0.009) (0.023) (0.022)
male −0.041+ 0.037 −0.030 −0.028 0.001 −0.011
(0.024) (0.024) (0.022) (0.023) (0.010) (0.023)
age25-34 years old −0.102+ 0.162** 0.021 0.051 0.005 −0.109+
(0.057) (0.054) (0.056) (0.056) (0.014) (0.056)
age35-44 years old −0.091 0.189*** 0.045 0.064 0.008 −0.050
(0.058) (0.055) (0.056) (0.057) (0.014) (0.057)
age45-54 years old −0.145* 0.200*** 0.021 0.061 0.031+ −0.105+
(0.057) (0.055) (0.056) (0.056) (0.017) (0.056)
age55-64 years old −0.088 0.268*** −0.001 0.065 0.043* −0.014
(0.060) (0.056) (0.057) (0.059) (0.018) (0.058)
age65-74 years old −0.049 0.229** −0.000 0.050 0.010 0.048
(0.076) (0.074) (0.071) (0.073) (0.029) (0.075)
age75+ years old 0.056 0.366*** −0.071 0.038 −0.008 0.129
(0.101) (0.097) (0.085) (0.097) (0.033) (0.097)
employmentOther × −0.230* −0.032 0.174 −0.027 0.019 −0.012
(0.115) (0.129) (0.124) (0.117) (0.048) (0.110)
employmentRetired −0.133 −0.093 0.032 −0.144+ 0.031 −0.043
(0.084) (0.083) (0.074) (0.077) (0.031) (0.076)
employmentStudent −0.105 −0.020 0.037 −0.120 0.014 −0.020
(0.106) (0.107) (0.102) (0.103) (0.029) (0.099)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work −0.098 −0.113 −0.002 −0.175* 0.055 −0.036
(0.091) (0.090) (0.082) (0.087) (0.035) (0.085)
employmentWorking full-time −0.098 −0.059 0.013 −0.170** 0.007 0.005
(0.071) (0.069) (0.063) (0.065) (0.020) (0.062)
employmentWorking part-time −0.080 −0.054 0.065 −0.108 0.006 −0.006
(0.080) (0.078) (0.072) (0.074) (0.023) (0.071)
educationNo formal education −0.092 −0.196 0.031 −0.123 0.002 −0.195
(0.140) (0.136) (0.140) (0.127) (0.011) (0.130)
educationPost-university −0.022 −0.014 −0.090 −0.168+ 0.031 −0.181+
(0.108) (0.103) (0.108) (0.097) (0.021) (0.102)
educationPrimary school −0.014 −0.121 0.155 −0.025 0.026 −0.314*
(0.133) (0.131) (0.130) (0.125) (0.029) (0.124)
educationSecondary school −0.017 −0.141 −0.095 −0.163+ 0.019+ −0.241**
(0.100) (0.096) (0.102) (0.091) (0.011) (0.094)
educationUniversity −0.013 −0.102 −0.111 −0.193* 0.021* −0.206*
(0.100) (0.096) (0.101) (0.090) (0.010) (0.093)
has_children −0.000 −0.052+ 0.026 0.029 0.006 0.017
(0.026) (0.027) (0.024) (0.026) (0.009) (0.026)
religiosity 0.004 −0.017+ 0.005 0.017+ −0.001 0.022*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.004) (0.010)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 0.089 −0.032 −0.079 −0.108 0.043 −0.025
(0.266) (0.248) (0.275) (0.268) (0.032) (0.249)
nationalityFrance 0.127 0.065 0.005 −0.162 0.048** −0.030
(0.252) (0.231) (0.265) (0.251) (0.016) (0.234)
nationalityLatin America 0.142 −0.060 0.054 −0.156 0.023 −0.266
(0.316) (0.294) (0.316) (0.312) (0.020) (0.283)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.243 0.004 0.019 −0.121 0.063+ 0.108
(0.259) (0.240) (0.271) (0.259) (0.032) (0.243)
nationalityNorth America 0.262 0.539* −0.157 −0.563* 0.018 0.568*
(0.587) (0.241) (0.267) (0.254) (0.033) (0.237)
nationalityOceania 0.069 0.745* −0.331 −0.156 0.035 0.003
(0.612) (0.304) (0.289) (0.446) (0.036) (0.405)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.187 0.538* −0.303 0.083 0.019 0.244
(0.385) (0.236) (0.269) (0.339) (0.022) (0.338)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.248 −0.021 −0.058 0.109 0.070 −0.097
(0.278) (0.258) (0.283) (0.260) (0.057) (0.261)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.078 0.071 −0.153 −0.136 0.048 0.023
(0.260) (0.240) (0.269) (0.260) (0.030) (0.242)
owner_domicile −0.065* 0.075** −0.044+ −0.072** 0.010 −0.017
(0.025) (0.026) (0.024) (0.025) (0.009) (0.025)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.001 −0.037+ 0.100*** 0.036+ 0.001 0.014
(0.019) (0.020) (0.018) (0.019) (0.008) (0.019)
climate_beliefsA little −0.122** −0.004 −0.066 −0.134** −0.011 −0.144***
(0.043) (0.044) (0.041) (0.041) (0.013) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.046 0.011 −0.009 −0.021 0.012 −0.036
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.032) (0.013) (0.032)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.020 0.023 0.142+ −0.068 0.026 −0.074
(0.087) (0.089) (0.082) (0.079) (0.036) (0.084)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.111** −0.007 −0.068* −0.070* 0.002 −0.079*
(0.034) (0.034) (0.032) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.057 0.048 −0.028 −0.131* −0.014 −0.232***
(0.062) (0.063) (0.055) (0.056) (0.016) (0.050)
pro_sociality_index 0.082*** −0.014 0.006 0.125*** 0.010+ 0.101***
(0.018) (0.018) (0.017) (0.017) (0.006) (0.017)
trust_governmentJust about always 0.031 0.102+ 0.054 0.153** 0.034 0.300***
(0.062) (0.061) (0.057) (0.056) (0.025) (0.056)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.007 0.107* 0.086* 0.160*** 0.019 0.243***
(0.047) (0.047) (0.043) (0.044) (0.015) (0.043)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.056 0.058 0.008 0.089* 0.013 0.140***
(0.042) (0.042) (0.038) (0.040) (0.014) (0.038)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.079* 0.072* 0.048 0.207*** 0.008 0.115***
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.031) (0.013) (0.032)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.004 0.005 0.046 0.064* 0.025+ 0.052+
(0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.030) (0.013) (0.031)
R2 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13
Num. obs. 1912 1864 1913 1865 1915 1867 1915 1867 1908 1860 1915 1867
RMSE 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.50 0.46 0.19 0.18 0.50 0.47
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, pooled sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on pooled sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.621*** 0.287* 0.474*** 0.601*** 0.296*** −0.047 0.660*** 0.246* 0.070*** −0.051 0.625*** 0.166
(0.012) (0.122) (0.012) (0.125) (0.011) (0.123) (0.011) (0.112) (0.006) (0.044) (0.012) (0.106)
treatment_female −0.018 −0.029+ 0.001 0.008 0.112*** 0.114*** −0.021 −0.030* 0.002 −0.002 0.021 0.022
(0.016) (0.016) (0.017) (0.017) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.015) (0.009) (0.009) (0.016) (0.016)
male 0.005 0.047** −0.047** 0.023 0.026** 0.015
(0.016) (0.018) (0.017) (0.016) (0.009) (0.016)
age25-34 years old −0.018 0.085** 0.032 0.025 −0.001 −0.005
(0.028) (0.032) (0.031) (0.029) (0.018) (0.028)
age35-44 years old −0.061* 0.123*** 0.056 −0.006 0.020 −0.042
(0.031) (0.035) (0.034) (0.031) (0.019) (0.031)
age45-54 years old −0.152*** 0.135*** 0.033 −0.041 0.039+ −0.124***
(0.034) (0.038) (0.036) (0.033) (0.020) (0.034)
age55-64 years old −0.149*** 0.202*** −0.015 −0.083* 0.038+ −0.080*
(0.039) (0.041) (0.039) (0.038) (0.022) (0.038)
age65-74 years old −0.103+ 0.160* −0.013 −0.093+ −0.001 −0.043
(0.061) (0.063) (0.056) (0.056) (0.031) (0.060)
age75+ years old −0.011 0.278** −0.088 −0.115 −0.018 0.011
(0.088) (0.088) (0.072) (0.084) (0.034) (0.088)
employmentOther × −0.021 0.058 0.124 0.035 0.018 0.107
(0.082) (0.092) (0.086) (0.070) (0.052) (0.081)
employmentRetired −0.080 −0.049 0.029 −0.113+ 0.013 0.076
(0.072) (0.073) (0.065) (0.063) (0.036) (0.068)
employmentStudent 0.067 −0.033 0.013 −0.133* −0.001 0.098
(0.062) (0.065) (0.061) (0.057) (0.034) (0.060)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.041 −0.095 −0.004 −0.071 0.029 0.125*
(0.060) (0.063) (0.060) (0.055) (0.034) (0.058)
employmentWorking full-time −0.045 −0.031 0.008 −0.137** −0.020 0.092+
(0.055) (0.056) (0.052) (0.049) (0.027) (0.052)
employmentWorking part-time 0.009 −0.019 0.052 −0.054 0.015 0.119*
(0.058) (0.060) (0.056) (0.051) (0.030) (0.055)
educationNo formal education −0.039 −0.075 0.059 −0.033 −0.011 −0.053
(0.122) (0.120) (0.120) (0.104) (0.013) (0.101)
educationPost-university 0.045 0.052 −0.072 −0.069 0.067** −0.133
(0.100) (0.097) (0.099) (0.088) (0.023) (0.081)
educationPrimary school 0.127 −0.069 0.136 0.012 0.029 −0.146
(0.110) (0.111) (0.112) (0.101) (0.027) (0.094)
educationSecondary school 0.058 −0.067 −0.069 −0.095 0.042** −0.156*
(0.095) (0.092) (0.095) (0.084) (0.014) (0.075)
educationUniversity 0.085 −0.015 −0.075 −0.087 0.055*** −0.123+
(0.095) (0.092) (0.094) (0.083) (0.012) (0.074)
has_children 0.027 −0.029 0.058** 0.051** 0.005 0.041*
(0.019) (0.021) (0.019) (0.019) (0.010) (0.019)
religiosity 0.032*** 0.002 −0.002 0.028*** 0.012*** 0.036***
(0.005) (0.006) (0.006) (0.005) (0.003) (0.006)
owner_domicile −0.113*** 0.017 −0.028 −0.084*** −0.025* −0.043*
(0.019) (0.020) (0.019) (0.018) (0.010) (0.018)
ambivalent_sexism_index 0.027* −0.047** 0.083*** 0.039** 0.007 0.014
(0.013) (0.014) (0.014) (0.013) (0.008) (0.013)
climate_beliefsA little −0.017 −0.043 0.041 −0.062* −0.038* −0.064*
(0.027) (0.031) (0.029) (0.026) (0.016) (0.027)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.033 −0.006 −0.008 −0.027 −0.027+ −0.013
(0.021) (0.024) (0.023) (0.021) (0.014) (0.021)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.078 −0.010 0.161** −0.127* −0.041 −0.108+
(0.059) (0.062) (0.060) (0.060) (0.027) (0.059)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.098*** −0.040 −0.012 −0.067** −0.049*** −0.048*
(0.024) (0.026) (0.025) (0.023) (0.013) (0.023)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.046 −0.004 0.046 −0.065 −0.053** −0.067+
(0.043) (0.048) (0.045) (0.042) (0.019) (0.041)
pro_sociality_index 0.087*** −0.012 0.005 0.101*** 0.007 0.096***
(0.012) (0.014) (0.013) (0.012) (0.006) (0.012)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.046 0.044 0.072* 0.114*** 0.015 0.171***
(0.033) (0.037) (0.036) (0.032) (0.020) (0.031)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.041 0.039 0.081** 0.111*** 0.026+ 0.128***
(0.026) (0.031) (0.029) (0.027) (0.016) (0.027)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.095*** 0.029 −0.011 0.041 0.008 0.031
(0.024) (0.028) (0.026) (0.026) (0.014) (0.026)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.049* 0.055* 0.095*** 0.135*** 0.003 0.089***
(0.021) (0.024) (0.023) (0.019) (0.013) (0.021)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.028 −0.028 0.076*** 0.082*** 0.011 0.060**
(0.021) (0.024) (0.023) (0.019) (0.013) (0.021)
R2 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.16
Num. obs. 3526 3268 3527 3269 3529 3271 3529 3271 3522 3264 3529 3271
RMSE 0.49 0.44 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.48 0.43 0.26 0.25 0.48 0.44

Main hypothesis 4 (M4).

Victimization of climate change communication will increase support for Global South climate financing among Global North citizens (for all five outcomes). We expect the same among Global South citizens but only for 5/6 outcomes. For Global South citizens, we expect the willingness to pay outcome to move in the opposite direction. We present country-wise regressions in the main paper and pooled regressions across the sample in the appendix.

Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, Ivorian sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on Ivorian sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.841*** 0.488+ 0.455*** 0.461* 0.409*** 0.053 0.823*** 0.469+ 0.108*** 0.053 0.827*** 0.550***
(0.013) (0.295) (0.018) (0.234) (0.017) (0.344) (0.014) (0.247) (0.011) (0.091) (0.013) (0.119)
treatment_victim −0.001 0.008 −0.025 −0.027 −0.022 −0.038 0.009 0.021 0.007 0.013 −0.050* −0.040*
(0.018) (0.019) (0.025) (0.027) (0.024) (0.026) (0.019) (0.020) (0.016) (0.017) (0.020) (0.020)
male 0.034 0.030 −0.054+ 0.069** 0.036+ 0.006
(0.022) (0.030) (0.028) (0.023) (0.019) (0.023)
age25-34 years old 0.015 0.033 0.020 0.024 0.002 0.062*
(0.029) (0.042) (0.039) (0.032) (0.027) (0.031)
age35-44 years old 0.021 0.047 0.071 0.040 0.054+ 0.032
(0.035) (0.049) (0.047) (0.035) (0.032) (0.037)
age45-54 years old −0.015 0.053 0.100+ 0.068 0.101* 0.013
(0.045) (0.062) (0.059) (0.042) (0.046) (0.046)
age55-64 years old −0.089 0.194+ −0.054 −0.049 0.100 −0.047
(0.103) (0.104) (0.098) (0.094) (0.087) (0.091)
age75+ years old 0.527*** −0.656*** 0.451** 0.226+ 0.044 −0.975***
(0.125) (0.156) (0.160) (0.117) (0.058) (0.069)
employmentOther × 0.083 0.198 0.044 −0.020 −0.053 0.184
(0.099) (0.140) (0.130) (0.088) (0.101) (0.128)
employmentRetired −0.197 0.070 0.059 −0.119 −0.023 0.414***
(0.229) (0.208) (0.201) (0.156) (0.167) (0.123)
employmentStudent 0.123 0.028 −0.012 −0.178* −0.086 0.225*
(0.086) (0.109) (0.101) (0.077) (0.073) (0.098)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.105 −0.030 −0.028 −0.058 −0.054 0.255**
(0.085) (0.107) (0.101) (0.075) (0.072) (0.097)
employmentWorking full-time 0.056 0.066 −0.026 −0.101 −0.082 0.249**
(0.082) (0.103) (0.096) (0.071) (0.068) (0.095)
employmentWorking part-time 0.035 0.052 0.025 −0.077 −0.056 0.245*
(0.084) (0.105) (0.098) (0.072) (0.070) (0.096)
educationNo formal education −0.024 0.313 0.087 0.104 0.026 −0.103
(0.305) (0.252) (0.335) (0.228) (0.051) (0.074)
educationPost-university 0.114 0.274 0.034 0.144 0.170** −0.318***
(0.288) (0.221) (0.309) (0.205) (0.060) (0.079)
educationPrimary school 0.208 0.177 0.121 0.097 0.087 −0.213*
(0.290) (0.231) (0.320) (0.215) (0.066) (0.101)
educationSecondary school 0.156 0.180 0.021 0.092 0.130** −0.234***
(0.286) (0.217) (0.306) (0.204) (0.048) (0.067)
educationUniversity 0.133 0.237 0.027 0.104 0.138** −0.283***
(0.285) (0.216) (0.305) (0.202) (0.045) (0.065)
has_children 0.027 0.003 0.089** 0.039 −0.010 0.030
(0.025) (0.034) (0.033) (0.025) (0.022) (0.025)
religiosity −0.005 0.009 −0.010 −0.006 0.001 0.003
(0.007) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007)
ethnicityAbron −0.001 −0.172 0.076 0.072 −0.004 −0.001
(0.059) (0.108) (0.102) (0.063) (0.064) (0.076)
ethnicityAdjoukrou −0.165* −0.213* 0.064 0.039 −0.048 0.108+
(0.066) (0.091) (0.091) (0.059) (0.052) (0.058)
ethnicityAgni −0.103* −0.172* −0.004 0.012 −0.017 0.067
(0.052) (0.085) (0.086) (0.061) (0.051) (0.061)
ethnicityAttié −0.026 −0.109 0.085 −0.003 −0.038 0.097
(0.054) (0.092) (0.092) (0.067) (0.057) (0.065)
ethnicityAvikam −0.121 −0.064 0.050 0.239*** 0.138 0.235***
(0.132) (0.162) (0.148) (0.069) (0.126) (0.066)
ethnicityBambara −0.102 0.012 0.222+ 0.019 −0.027 −0.039
(0.084) (0.117) (0.117) (0.078) (0.076) (0.092)
ethnicityBaoulé −0.076+ −0.068 0.119 0.051 −0.029 0.079
(0.045) (0.079) (0.081) (0.055) (0.048) (0.056)
ethnicityBété −0.123* −0.108 0.150+ 0.004 −0.062 0.089
(0.056) (0.088) (0.090) (0.063) (0.054) (0.064)
ethnicityDida −0.027 −0.052 0.252* −0.074 −0.058 0.049
(0.066) (0.112) (0.113) (0.086) (0.065) (0.084)
ethnicityDioula −0.096 −0.112 0.144 0.032 −0.062 −0.009
(0.059) (0.094) (0.094) (0.067) (0.056) (0.072)
ethnicityDon't know −0.035 −0.157 0.047 0.070 −0.007 0.090
(0.082) (0.113) (0.114) (0.084) (0.074) (0.091)
ethnicityGodié −0.158 0.035 0.225 −0.017 −0.083+ −0.017
(0.158) (0.185) (0.164) (0.126) (0.048) (0.133)
ethnicityGouro −0.171* −0.009 −0.074 0.052 −0.040 0.082
(0.078) (0.106) (0.098) (0.077) (0.064) (0.073)
ethnicityGuéré −0.136* 0.055 0.178+ 0.076 −0.030 0.079
(0.069) (0.101) (0.104) (0.068) (0.066) (0.074)
ethnicityKoulango 0.116* −0.195 0.134 0.185* −0.028 0.164*
(0.054) (0.148) (0.134) (0.076) (0.073) (0.069)
ethnicityKroumen −0.003 0.129 0.262 0.083 −0.117* 0.014
(0.105) (0.174) (0.173) (0.104) (0.047) (0.123)
ethnicityLobi 0.117 0.140 −0.129 0.103 −0.172+ −0.005
(0.089) (0.339) (0.269) (0.077) (0.091) (0.295)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka −0.049 −0.144 0.171+ 0.045 −0.013 −0.049
(0.065) (0.104) (0.102) (0.074) (0.072) (0.082)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) −0.040 −0.032 −0.039 0.011 −0.043 0.026
(0.054) (0.091) (0.091) (0.065) (0.055) (0.067)
ethnicitySenoufo −0.058 −0.199* 0.075 0.044 0.019 0.013
(0.053) (0.088) (0.090) (0.062) (0.058) (0.065)
ethnicityYacouba −0.012 −0.052 0.157 0.048 −0.056 0.064
(0.059) (0.099) (0.101) (0.064) (0.060) (0.070)
owner_domicile −0.010 −0.089* 0.024 0.057* −0.019 0.030
(0.029) (0.039) (0.037) (0.028) (0.026) (0.030)
ambivalent_sexism_index 0.051** −0.053* 0.058** 0.038* 0.014 0.007
(0.017) (0.022) (0.022) (0.017) (0.014) (0.017)
climate_beliefsA little 0.033 −0.051 0.140** −0.006 −0.073* −0.033
(0.031) (0.045) (0.044) (0.031) (0.030) (0.035)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.023 −0.011 −0.021 −0.050* −0.070** 0.002
(0.024) (0.035) (0.034) (0.025) (0.025) (0.027)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.216** −0.024 0.156+ −0.239** −0.120** −0.187*
(0.080) (0.093) (0.094) (0.089) (0.041) (0.088)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.066* −0.064 0.051 −0.032 −0.105*** 0.008
(0.030) (0.042) (0.041) (0.030) (0.026) (0.031)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.141* −0.068 0.166* −0.069 −0.111** 0.063
(0.064) (0.076) (0.076) (0.059) (0.039) (0.054)
pro_sociality_index 0.021 −0.010 −0.019 0.012 −0.011 0.030+
(0.017) (0.022) (0.021) (0.015) (0.012) (0.016)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.095** 0.023 0.062 0.094* 0.029 0.109**
(0.036) (0.050) (0.048) (0.037) (0.030) (0.036)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.036 −0.001 0.063 0.105** 0.057* 0.070*
(0.029) (0.042) (0.040) (0.034) (0.026) (0.033)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.059* 0.035 −0.023 0.069* 0.031 0.010
(0.027) (0.041) (0.038) (0.033) (0.025) (0.033)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.015 0.076* 0.090** 0.018 0.006 0.026
(0.024) (0.035) (0.034) (0.024) (0.024) (0.025)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.030 −0.039 0.108** 0.070** −0.011 0.060*
(0.025) (0.037) (0.035) (0.023) (0.025) (0.026)
R2 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.09
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404
RMSE 0.37 0.35 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.36
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, French sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on French sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.433*** 0.373 0.518*** 0.518+ 0.308*** 0.021 0.504*** 0.307 0.038*** −0.136** 0.501*** 0.267
(0.016) (0.302) (0.016) (0.277) (0.015) (0.302) (0.016) (0.296) (0.006) (0.046) (0.016) (0.272)
treatment_victim −0.026 −0.028 −0.035 −0.033 0.013 0.027 −0.009 −0.013 −0.004 −0.000 −0.011 −0.012
(0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.023) (0.021) (0.021) (0.023) (0.022) (0.009) (0.009) (0.023) (0.022)
male −0.041+ 0.036 −0.031 −0.028 0.001 −0.011
(0.024) (0.024) (0.022) (0.023) (0.009) (0.023)
age25-34 years old −0.103+ 0.161** 0.022 0.050 0.005 −0.109+
(0.057) (0.054) (0.056) (0.056) (0.014) (0.056)
age35-44 years old −0.093 0.189*** 0.049 0.062 0.007 −0.050
(0.058) (0.055) (0.057) (0.057) (0.014) (0.057)
age45-54 years old −0.148** 0.200*** 0.026 0.060 0.030+ −0.105+
(0.057) (0.055) (0.056) (0.056) (0.017) (0.056)
age55-64 years old −0.092 0.267*** 0.006 0.063 0.042* −0.013
(0.060) (0.056) (0.058) (0.059) (0.018) (0.058)
age65-74 years old −0.054 0.226** 0.007 0.048 0.009 0.048
(0.076) (0.074) (0.071) (0.073) (0.029) (0.075)
age75+ years old 0.054 0.371*** −0.062 0.036 −0.008 0.132
(0.100) (0.097) (0.087) (0.097) (0.033) (0.098)
employmentOther × −0.224+ −0.037 0.156 −0.024 0.020 −0.018
(0.115) (0.128) (0.125) (0.117) (0.048) (0.110)
employmentRetired −0.129 −0.095 0.020 −0.141+ 0.031 −0.046
(0.084) (0.083) (0.074) (0.077) (0.031) (0.075)
employmentStudent −0.108 −0.023 0.040 −0.121 0.014 −0.021
(0.106) (0.107) (0.101) (0.103) (0.029) (0.099)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work −0.096 −0.117 −0.013 −0.174* 0.056 −0.040
(0.091) (0.090) (0.083) (0.088) (0.035) (0.085)
employmentWorking full-time −0.096 −0.062 0.007 −0.169** 0.007 0.003
(0.071) (0.069) (0.062) (0.065) (0.020) (0.062)
employmentWorking part-time −0.080 −0.057 0.061 −0.108 0.006 −0.008
(0.080) (0.078) (0.072) (0.074) (0.023) (0.071)
educationNo formal education −0.098 −0.201 0.040 −0.126 0.002 −0.196
(0.140) (0.136) (0.142) (0.127) (0.011) (0.131)
educationPost-university −0.023 −0.017 −0.090 −0.169+ 0.031 −0.183+
(0.107) (0.104) (0.110) (0.096) (0.021) (0.102)
educationPrimary school −0.006 −0.118 0.142 −0.021 0.027 −0.315*
(0.131) (0.132) (0.133) (0.124) (0.029) (0.124)
educationSecondary school −0.016 −0.141 −0.099 −0.162+ 0.019+ −0.242*
(0.099) (0.096) (0.104) (0.090) (0.011) (0.094)
educationUniversity −0.012 −0.103 −0.113 −0.192* 0.022* −0.207*
(0.098) (0.096) (0.103) (0.089) (0.010) (0.093)
has_children −0.002 −0.052+ 0.030 0.029 0.006 0.018
(0.026) (0.027) (0.024) (0.026) (0.009) (0.026)
religiosity 0.004 −0.017+ 0.005 0.017+ −0.001 0.022*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.004) (0.010)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 0.107 −0.023 −0.105 −0.100 0.045 −0.024
(0.269) (0.248) (0.269) (0.271) (0.032) (0.247)
nationalityFrance 0.138 0.068 −0.017 −0.156 0.049** −0.032
(0.255) (0.231) (0.259) (0.255) (0.015) (0.232)
nationalityLatin America 0.156 −0.060 0.024 −0.148 0.025 −0.271
(0.317) (0.295) (0.315) (0.315) (0.020) (0.279)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.253 0.005 −0.000 −0.116 0.064* 0.106
(0.262) (0.239) (0.265) (0.262) (0.032) (0.241)
nationalityNorth America 0.272 0.541* −0.177 −0.558* 0.019 0.566*
(0.582) (0.237) (0.264) (0.257) (0.030) (0.233)
nationalityOceania 0.060 0.750* −0.308 −0.161 0.034 0.009
(0.604) (0.296) (0.280) (0.452) (0.036) (0.408)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.202 0.531* −0.343 0.091 0.022 0.235
(0.394) (0.235) (0.261) (0.346) (0.021) (0.334)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.262 −0.021 −0.091 0.116 0.072 −0.102
(0.281) (0.258) (0.278) (0.263) (0.057) (0.259)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.086 0.075 −0.167 −0.132 0.048 0.022
(0.263) (0.240) (0.263) (0.263) (0.030) (0.240)
owner_domicile −0.066** 0.074** −0.044+ −0.072** 0.010 −0.017
(0.025) (0.026) (0.024) (0.025) (0.009) (0.025)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.003 −0.039+ 0.102*** 0.035+ 0.001 0.014
(0.019) (0.020) (0.018) (0.019) (0.008) (0.019)
climate_beliefsA little −0.124** −0.006 −0.063 −0.135** −0.011 −0.145***
(0.043) (0.044) (0.041) (0.041) (0.013) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.046 0.008 −0.012 −0.020 0.013 −0.038
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.032) (0.013) (0.032)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.026 0.016 0.148+ −0.071 0.026 −0.077
(0.087) (0.089) (0.084) (0.079) (0.036) (0.084)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.112** −0.008 −0.067* −0.070* 0.002 −0.079*
(0.034) (0.034) (0.032) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.060 0.045 −0.023 −0.132* −0.015 −0.233***
(0.061) (0.063) (0.055) (0.055) (0.016) (0.050)
pro_sociality_index 0.082*** −0.014 0.007 0.125*** 0.010 0.101***
(0.018) (0.018) (0.017) (0.017) (0.006) (0.017)
trust_governmentJust about always 0.033 0.104+ 0.051 0.154** 0.034 0.301***
(0.062) (0.061) (0.057) (0.056) (0.025) (0.056)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.005 0.107* 0.084+ 0.160*** 0.019 0.243***
(0.047) (0.047) (0.043) (0.044) (0.015) (0.043)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.054 0.059 0.004 0.090* 0.013 0.140***
(0.042) (0.042) (0.038) (0.040) (0.014) (0.038)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.080* 0.073* 0.048 0.207*** 0.008 0.116***
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.031) (0.013) (0.032)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.003 0.005 0.047 0.063* 0.025+ 0.052+
(0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.030) (0.013) (0.031)
R2 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13
Num. obs. 1912 1864 1913 1865 1915 1867 1915 1867 1908 1860 1915 1867
RMSE 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.50 0.46 0.19 0.18 0.50 0.47
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, pooled sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on pooled sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.619*** 0.277* 0.489*** 0.629*** 0.354*** 0.012 0.650*** 0.224* 0.070*** −0.056 0.650*** 0.191+
(0.012) (0.122) (0.012) (0.126) (0.011) (0.126) (0.011) (0.112) (0.006) (0.044) (0.011) (0.107)
treatment_victim −0.014 −0.007 −0.030+ −0.031+ −0.003 0.004 −0.000 0.008 0.001 0.005 −0.029+ −0.018
(0.016) (0.016) (0.017) (0.017) (0.016) (0.016) (0.016) (0.015) (0.009) (0.009) (0.016) (0.016)
male 0.005 0.046** −0.048** 0.023 0.026** 0.015
(0.016) (0.018) (0.017) (0.016) (0.009) (0.016)
age25-34 years old −0.018 0.084** 0.031 0.025 −0.001 −0.005
(0.028) (0.032) (0.031) (0.029) (0.018) (0.028)
age35-44 years old −0.061* 0.122*** 0.055 −0.006 0.020 −0.042
(0.031) (0.035) (0.034) (0.031) (0.019) (0.031)
age45-54 years old −0.152*** 0.135*** 0.034 −0.042 0.039+ −0.124***
(0.034) (0.038) (0.036) (0.034) (0.020) (0.034)
age55-64 years old −0.149*** 0.201*** −0.013 −0.083* 0.038+ −0.081*
(0.039) (0.041) (0.039) (0.038) (0.022) (0.038)
age65-74 years old −0.104+ 0.157* −0.011 −0.093+ −0.000 −0.044
(0.061) (0.063) (0.057) (0.056) (0.031) (0.060)
age75+ years old −0.013 0.282** −0.077 −0.119 −0.019 0.015
(0.088) (0.088) (0.074) (0.084) (0.034) (0.088)
employmentOther × −0.020 0.058 0.122 0.035 0.018 0.107
(0.082) (0.091) (0.087) (0.070) (0.052) (0.081)
employmentRetired −0.078 −0.049 0.022 −0.111+ 0.013 0.074
(0.072) (0.072) (0.065) (0.063) (0.036) (0.068)
employmentStudent 0.066 −0.036 0.014 −0.132* −0.001 0.096
(0.062) (0.065) (0.062) (0.057) (0.034) (0.060)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.041 −0.098 −0.005 −0.070 0.030 0.123*
(0.060) (0.063) (0.060) (0.055) (0.034) (0.058)
employmentWorking full-time −0.044 −0.033 0.005 −0.135** −0.020 0.091+
(0.055) (0.056) (0.052) (0.049) (0.027) (0.052)
employmentWorking part-time 0.008 −0.020 0.053 −0.054 0.015 0.118*
(0.058) (0.059) (0.056) (0.051) (0.030) (0.055)
educationNo formal education −0.041 −0.078 0.066 −0.034 −0.010 −0.053
(0.121) (0.120) (0.123) (0.104) (0.013) (0.101)
educationPost-university 0.044 0.050 −0.071 −0.069 0.067** −0.134+
(0.099) (0.097) (0.102) (0.088) (0.023) (0.081)
educationPrimary school 0.128 −0.069 0.133 0.013 0.029 −0.146
(0.109) (0.111) (0.115) (0.101) (0.027) (0.094)
educationSecondary school 0.058 −0.068 −0.069 −0.094 0.042** −0.156*
(0.094) (0.092) (0.097) (0.085) (0.014) (0.075)
educationUniversity 0.085 −0.016 −0.075 −0.086 0.055*** −0.124+
(0.093) (0.092) (0.097) (0.084) (0.012) (0.074)
has_children 0.027 −0.029 0.060** 0.051** 0.005 0.042*
(0.019) (0.021) (0.019) (0.019) (0.010) (0.019)
religiosity 0.032*** 0.002 −0.002 0.028*** 0.012*** 0.036***
(0.005) (0.006) (0.006) (0.005) (0.003) (0.006)
owner_domicile −0.112*** 0.016 −0.029 −0.084*** −0.024* −0.044*
(0.019) (0.020) (0.019) (0.018) (0.010) (0.018)
ambivalent_sexism_index 0.027* −0.048*** 0.083*** 0.040** 0.007 0.013
(0.013) (0.014) (0.014) (0.013) (0.008) (0.013)
climate_beliefsA little −0.016 −0.043 0.039 −0.062* −0.038* −0.065*
(0.027) (0.031) (0.029) (0.026) (0.016) (0.027)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.032 −0.007 −0.013 −0.026 −0.027+ −0.015
(0.021) (0.024) (0.023) (0.021) (0.014) (0.021)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.077 −0.012 0.154* −0.125* −0.041 −0.111+
(0.059) (0.063) (0.061) (0.060) (0.027) (0.059)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.097*** −0.041 −0.014 −0.066** −0.049*** −0.048*
(0.024) (0.026) (0.025) (0.023) (0.013) (0.023)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.048 −0.004 0.052 −0.067 −0.053** −0.066
(0.043) (0.048) (0.045) (0.042) (0.019) (0.041)
pro_sociality_index 0.087*** −0.012 0.006 0.101*** 0.007 0.096***
(0.012) (0.013) (0.013) (0.012) (0.006) (0.012)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.047 0.046 0.074* 0.113*** 0.014 0.172***
(0.033) (0.038) (0.036) (0.032) (0.020) (0.031)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.041 0.039 0.080** 0.111*** 0.026+ 0.128***
(0.026) (0.031) (0.029) (0.027) (0.016) (0.027)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.094*** 0.030 −0.014 0.042 0.008 0.031
(0.024) (0.028) (0.026) (0.026) (0.014) (0.026)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.050* 0.055* 0.092*** 0.136*** 0.003 0.089***
(0.021) (0.024) (0.023) (0.019) (0.013) (0.021)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.028 −0.028 0.077*** 0.082*** 0.011 0.060**
(0.021) (0.023) (0.023) (0.019) (0.013) (0.021)
R2 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.16
Num. obs. 3526 3268 3527 3269 3529 3271 3529 3271 3522 3264 3529 3271
RMSE 0.49 0.44 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.43 0.26 0.25 0.48 0.44

Secondary hypothesis 1 (S1).

Victimization of climate change communication will differentially demobilize Global South citizens when the victim is also a woman. We expect that this will have no effect or a positive effect on French citizens. We present country-wise regressions in the main paper and pooled regressions across the sample in the appendix

CDI, unadjusted CDI, adjusted FR, unadjusted FR, adjusted Pooled, unadjusted Pooled, adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Outcome is a PCA index of the three political mobilization outcomes. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) −0.447*** 3.276*** 0.301*** 2.228*** −0.034 3.481***
(0.069) (0.775) (0.064) (0.559) (0.048) (0.315)
treatment_female −0.016 −0.006 0.078 0.060 0.023 0.029
(0.096) (0.096) (0.089) (0.079) (0.068) (0.063)
treatment_victim −0.028 −0.006 0.102 0.080 0.040 0.014
(0.096) (0.098) (0.091) (0.081) (0.069) (0.063)
treatment_female × treatment_victim 0.146 0.140 −0.116 −0.088 0.010 0.011
(0.135) (0.138) (0.129) (0.114) (0.097) (0.089)
male −0.162* 0.041 −0.026
(0.077) (0.061) (0.046)
age25-34 years old −0.348** −0.034 −0.264**
(0.108) (0.146) (0.087)
age35-44 years old −0.390** −0.096 −0.175+
(0.128) (0.147) (0.093)
age45-54 years old −0.524** −0.080 −0.100
(0.161) (0.149) (0.099)
age55-64 years old −0.284 −0.353* −0.217+
(0.347) (0.153) (0.111)
age75+ years old 0.625+ −0.210 0.043
(0.377) (0.233) (0.211)
employmentOther × −0.088 0.212 −0.137
(0.331) (0.239) (0.197)
employmentRetired 0.462 0.227 0.030
(0.656) (0.201) (0.181)
employmentStudent 0.224 −0.001 0.157
(0.270) (0.247) (0.166)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.067 0.292 0.105
(0.266) (0.231) (0.163)
employmentWorking full-time 0.042 0.318+ 0.144
(0.254) (0.169) (0.140)
employmentWorking part-time −0.040 0.425* 0.056
(0.258) (0.188) (0.147)
educationNo formal education −0.950 −0.471 −0.617+
(0.826) (0.360) (0.315)
educationPost-university −1.345+ −0.615* −0.794**
(0.776) (0.262) (0.249)
educationPrimary school −1.057 −0.824* −0.858**
(0.811) (0.341) (0.296)
educationSecondary school −1.148 −0.543* −0.666**
(0.768) (0.244) (0.236)
educationUniversity −1.269+ −0.518* −0.734**
(0.767) (0.241) (0.234)
has_children −0.101 0.011 −0.091+
(0.087) (0.067) (0.053)
religiosity 0.010 −0.073** −0.067***
(0.025) (0.026) (0.016)
ethnicityAbron 0.212
(0.188)
ethnicityAdjoukrou 0.218
(0.168)
ethnicityAgni 0.360*
(0.162)
ethnicityAttié 0.256
(0.181)
ethnicityAvikam 0.425
(0.418)
ethnicityBambara 0.143
(0.262)
ethnicityBaoulé 0.176
(0.134)
ethnicityBété 0.351*
(0.173)
ethnicityDida 0.149
(0.248)
ethnicityDioula 0.389*
(0.190)
ethnicityDon't know 0.046
(0.285)
ethnicityGodié −0.248
(0.454)
ethnicityGouro −0.127
(0.204)
ethnicityGuéré −0.136
(0.211)
ethnicityKoulango −0.167
(0.363)
ethnicityKroumen 0.208
(0.395)
ethnicityLobi 0.566+
(0.296)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka 0.392+
(0.227)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) 0.371*
(0.182)
ethnicitySenoufo 0.243
(0.168)
ethnicityYacouba 0.222
(0.217)
owner_domicile −0.366*** 0.099 0.080
(0.096) (0.062) (0.051)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.291*** −0.131* −0.204***
(0.058) (0.055) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA little 0.143 0.796*** 0.427***
(0.120) (0.112) (0.083)
climate_beliefsA lot 0.152+ 0.156+ 0.125*
(0.091) (0.085) (0.062)
climate_beliefsDon't know 0.636* 0.388* 0.413*
(0.264) (0.186) (0.164)
climate_beliefsModerately 0.282** 0.522*** 0.406***
(0.103) (0.089) (0.067)
climate_beliefsNot at all 0.628** 1.363*** 0.986***
(0.211) (0.189) (0.142)
pro_sociality_index −0.305*** −0.565*** −0.525***
(0.059) (0.050) (0.039)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.261+ 0.078 −0.141
(0.136) (0.165) (0.106)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.203+ −0.178 −0.180*
(0.111) (0.115) (0.079)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.183+ −0.003 −0.037
(0.105) (0.105) (0.075)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.159+ −0.567*** −0.444***
(0.088) (0.085) (0.061)
demanded_action_last_12_months −0.282** −0.199* −0.300***
(0.090) (0.079) (0.059)
age65-74 years old −0.246 −0.091
(0.189) (0.162)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 1.046*
(0.460)
nationalityFrance 0.622
(0.394)
nationalityLatin America 0.411
(0.531)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.474
(0.433)
nationalityNorth America −0.660
(1.503)
nationalityOceania −0.999+
(0.535)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.782
(0.784)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.609
(0.511)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.769+
(0.430)
R2 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.25
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1925 1877 3539 3281
RMSE 1.35 1.22 1.42 1.21 1.44 1.26

Secondary hypothesis 2 (S2).

Victimization of climate change communication will differentially increase support for Global South climate financing when the victim is also a woman, among Global North citizens (for all five outcomes). We expect the same among Global South citizens but only for the first four outcomes. For Global South citizens, we expect the last outcome to move in the opposite direction.

Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, Ivorian sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on Ivorian sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.850*** 0.499+ 0.448*** 0.451+ 0.338*** −0.042 0.840*** 0.498* 0.099*** 0.046 0.832*** 0.560***
(0.018) (0.297) (0.025) (0.233) (0.024) (0.333) (0.019) (0.241) (0.015) (0.091) (0.019) (0.122)
treatment_female −0.018 −0.017 0.014 0.017 0.138*** 0.159*** −0.032 −0.048+ 0.017 0.011 −0.010 −0.016
(0.026) (0.027) (0.035) (0.038) (0.034) (0.036) (0.027) (0.028) (0.022) (0.024) (0.027) (0.027)
treatment_victim −0.007 −0.005 −0.008 −0.006 −0.018 −0.029 0.005 0.009 0.016 0.021 −0.080** −0.081**
(0.026) (0.027) (0.035) (0.038) (0.033) (0.035) (0.026) (0.027) (0.022) (0.024) (0.029) (0.029)
treatment_female × treatment_victim 0.012 0.025 −0.033 −0.040 −0.009 −0.017 0.007 0.023 −0.016 −0.016 0.058 0.079+
(0.037) (0.038) (0.050) (0.054) (0.048) (0.051) (0.038) (0.039) (0.031) (0.034) (0.040) (0.041)
male 0.034 0.029 −0.055* 0.070** 0.035+ 0.009
(0.022) (0.030) (0.028) (0.023) (0.019) (0.023)
age25-34 years old 0.013 0.035 0.020 0.022 0.003 0.056+
(0.029) (0.042) (0.039) (0.032) (0.027) (0.031)
age35-44 years old 0.019 0.049 0.075 0.038 0.055+ 0.027
(0.035) (0.049) (0.047) (0.035) (0.032) (0.037)
age45-54 years old −0.018 0.057 0.101+ 0.065 0.103* 0.005
(0.045) (0.062) (0.058) (0.042) (0.047) (0.046)
age55-64 years old −0.089 0.193+ −0.037 −0.053 0.100 −0.043
(0.103) (0.104) (0.098) (0.094) (0.088) (0.091)
age75+ years old 0.523*** −0.645*** 0.388* 0.236* 0.047 −1.005***
(0.126) (0.157) (0.160) (0.116) (0.060) (0.070)
employmentOther × 0.082 0.202 0.013 −0.014 −0.053 0.173
(0.099) (0.141) (0.127) (0.088) (0.102) (0.127)
employmentRetired −0.201 0.077 0.027 −0.114 −0.021 0.395**
(0.229) (0.209) (0.201) (0.156) (0.168) (0.123)
employmentStudent 0.121 0.033 −0.023 −0.177* −0.085 0.216*
(0.086) (0.109) (0.101) (0.078) (0.073) (0.098)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work 0.104 −0.028 −0.042 −0.055 −0.054 0.250*
(0.085) (0.108) (0.100) (0.076) (0.072) (0.097)
employmentWorking full-time 0.054 0.069 −0.035 −0.100 −0.081 0.242*
(0.082) (0.104) (0.096) (0.072) (0.068) (0.095)
employmentWorking part-time 0.034 0.055 0.010 −0.074 −0.056 0.238*
(0.084) (0.106) (0.098) (0.073) (0.070) (0.096)
educationNo formal education −0.025 0.315 0.084 0.104 0.027 −0.107
(0.306) (0.248) (0.330) (0.223) (0.051) (0.078)
educationPost-university 0.116 0.270 0.029 0.147 0.168** −0.312***
(0.289) (0.219) (0.305) (0.201) (0.059) (0.082)
educationPrimary school 0.208 0.177 0.124 0.096 0.087 −0.213*
(0.290) (0.228) (0.315) (0.210) (0.065) (0.105)
educationSecondary school 0.158 0.178 0.016 0.094 0.129** −0.232**
(0.286) (0.214) (0.301) (0.199) (0.047) (0.071)
educationUniversity 0.135 0.234 0.021 0.107 0.137** −0.279***
(0.286) (0.213) (0.300) (0.197) (0.045) (0.069)
has_children 0.027 0.002 0.090** 0.039 −0.010 0.032
(0.025) (0.035) (0.033) (0.024) (0.022) (0.025)
religiosity −0.004 0.009 −0.011 −0.006 0.001 0.004
(0.007) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.006) (0.007)
ethnicityAbron −0.002 −0.172 0.106 0.064 −0.003 0.003
(0.059) (0.108) (0.101) (0.063) (0.065) (0.077)
ethnicityAdjoukrou −0.164* −0.217* 0.080 0.037 −0.049 0.119*
(0.066) (0.091) (0.090) (0.060) (0.052) (0.058)
ethnicityAgni −0.103* −0.174* 0.017 0.008 −0.017 0.073
(0.052) (0.085) (0.084) (0.061) (0.052) (0.061)
ethnicityAttié −0.027 −0.110 0.122 −0.011 −0.038 0.106
(0.055) (0.092) (0.091) (0.067) (0.057) (0.065)
ethnicityAvikam −0.118 −0.070 0.069 0.237*** 0.136 0.250***
(0.132) (0.163) (0.151) (0.071) (0.126) (0.067)
ethnicityBambara −0.101 0.010 0.233+ 0.017 −0.028 −0.032
(0.084) (0.117) (0.120) (0.078) (0.076) (0.091)
ethnicityBaoulé −0.076+ −0.069 0.133+ 0.048 −0.029 0.083
(0.045) (0.079) (0.079) (0.055) (0.048) (0.056)
ethnicityBété −0.124* −0.108 0.166+ −0.000 −0.062 0.092
(0.056) (0.088) (0.089) (0.063) (0.053) (0.064)
ethnicityDida −0.027 −0.054 0.263* −0.076 −0.058 0.054
(0.066) (0.112) (0.110) (0.086) (0.065) (0.083)
ethnicityDioula −0.096 −0.112 0.158+ 0.029 −0.061 −0.007
(0.059) (0.095) (0.093) (0.067) (0.056) (0.072)
ethnicityDon't know −0.034 −0.160 0.049 0.071 −0.008 0.096
(0.082) (0.113) (0.114) (0.085) (0.074) (0.091)
ethnicityGodié −0.161 0.040 0.215 −0.017 −0.081+ −0.030
(0.159) (0.185) (0.167) (0.125) (0.048) (0.134)
ethnicityGouro −0.169* −0.012 −0.060 0.050 −0.041 0.090
(0.078) (0.106) (0.096) (0.076) (0.064) (0.074)
ethnicityGuéré −0.136* 0.054 0.197+ 0.072 −0.030 0.084
(0.069) (0.101) (0.103) (0.068) (0.066) (0.074)
ethnicityKoulango 0.117* −0.201 0.201 0.171* −0.029 0.185**
(0.054) (0.149) (0.131) (0.075) (0.073) (0.070)
ethnicityKroumen −0.003 0.127 0.289+ 0.077 −0.117* 0.021
(0.105) (0.175) (0.160) (0.105) (0.047) (0.123)
ethnicityLobi 0.108 0.149 −0.037 0.076 −0.166+ −0.012
(0.091) (0.339) (0.266) (0.080) (0.092) (0.295)
ethnicityMalinké/Maninka −0.049 −0.146 0.193+ 0.040 −0.013 −0.043
(0.065) (0.104) (0.099) (0.074) (0.072) (0.082)
ethnicityOnly Ivoirian (do not identify in these terms) −0.040 −0.034 −0.014 0.005 −0.042 0.032
(0.054) (0.091) (0.089) (0.065) (0.055) (0.067)
ethnicitySenoufo −0.059 −0.200* 0.102 0.037 0.019 0.019
(0.053) (0.088) (0.089) (0.063) (0.059) (0.065)
ethnicityYacouba −0.013 −0.052 0.190+ 0.040 −0.055 0.068
(0.059) (0.099) (0.097) (0.065) (0.061) (0.070)
owner_domicile −0.010 −0.090* 0.031 0.055* −0.020 0.032
(0.029) (0.039) (0.036) (0.028) (0.026) (0.030)
ambivalent_sexism_index 0.050** −0.052* 0.058** 0.038* 0.014 0.006
(0.017) (0.022) (0.021) (0.017) (0.014) (0.017)
climate_beliefsA little 0.034 −0.053 0.144*** −0.006 −0.073* −0.029
(0.031) (0.046) (0.043) (0.031) (0.031) (0.035)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.023 −0.011 −0.016 −0.051* −0.070** 0.003
(0.024) (0.035) (0.033) (0.025) (0.025) (0.027)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.216** −0.024 0.168+ −0.242** −0.120** −0.185*
(0.080) (0.093) (0.094) (0.089) (0.042) (0.088)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.066* −0.064 0.057 −0.033 −0.105*** 0.008
(0.030) (0.042) (0.040) (0.030) (0.027) (0.030)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.141* −0.067 0.155* −0.067 −0.111** 0.060
(0.064) (0.076) (0.076) (0.059) (0.039) (0.053)
pro_sociality_index 0.021 −0.010 −0.018 0.011 −0.011 0.030+
(0.017) (0.022) (0.021) (0.015) (0.012) (0.016)
trust_governmentJust about always −0.094** 0.023 0.056 0.095* 0.029 0.110**
(0.036) (0.050) (0.048) (0.037) (0.030) (0.035)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.036 −0.001 0.064 0.104** 0.057* 0.070*
(0.029) (0.042) (0.040) (0.034) (0.026) (0.033)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.059* 0.034 −0.015 0.067* 0.032 0.012
(0.027) (0.041) (0.037) (0.033) (0.025) (0.033)
participated_protest_last_12_months −0.014 0.074* 0.093** 0.018 0.005 0.030
(0.024) (0.035) (0.033) (0.024) (0.024) (0.026)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.030 −0.038 0.106** 0.070** −0.011 0.059*
(0.025) (0.037) (0.034) (0.023) (0.025) (0.026)
R2 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.09
Num. obs. 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404 1614 1404
RMSE 0.37 0.35 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.36
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
Climate adaptation outcomes, French sample
Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: 6 climate adpatation outcomes. Run on French sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.473*** 0.441 0.488*** 0.468 0.266*** −0.045 0.516*** 0.319 0.033*** −0.142** 0.483*** 0.238
(0.023) (0.305) (0.023) (0.286) (0.020) (0.306) (0.023) (0.295) (0.008) (0.049) (0.023) (0.273)
treatment_female −0.081* −0.092** 0.063+ 0.067* 0.085** 0.092** −0.024 −0.016 0.010 0.007 0.036 0.039
(0.032) (0.032) (0.032) (0.033) (0.030) (0.030) (0.032) (0.031) (0.012) (0.013) (0.032) (0.031)
treatment_victim −0.074* −0.079* 0.022 0.025 0.005 0.023 −0.011 −0.007 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.008
(0.032) (0.032) (0.032) (0.033) (0.029) (0.029) (0.032) (0.030) (0.012) (0.013) (0.032) (0.031)
treatment_female × treatment_victim 0.098* 0.102* −0.114* −0.116* 0.014 0.006 0.006 −0.011 −0.029+ −0.026 −0.039 −0.041
(0.045) (0.045) (0.046) (0.046) (0.042) (0.042) (0.046) (0.043) (0.017) (0.018) (0.046) (0.044)
male −0.042+ 0.037 −0.030 −0.028 0.001 −0.011
(0.024) (0.024) (0.022) (0.023) (0.010) (0.023)
age25-34 years old −0.104+ 0.162** 0.022 0.050 0.005 −0.109+
(0.057) (0.054) (0.056) (0.056) (0.014) (0.056)
age35-44 years old −0.091 0.187*** 0.046 0.063 0.007 −0.051
(0.057) (0.055) (0.056) (0.057) (0.014) (0.057)
age45-54 years old −0.147* 0.200*** 0.022 0.061 0.031+ −0.105+
(0.057) (0.055) (0.056) (0.056) (0.017) (0.056)
age55-64 years old −0.090 0.267*** 0.000 0.065 0.043* −0.014
(0.060) (0.056) (0.057) (0.059) (0.018) (0.058)
age65-74 years old −0.051 0.225** 0.002 0.049 0.009 0.047
(0.076) (0.075) (0.071) (0.073) (0.029) (0.075)
age75+ years old 0.063 0.366*** −0.074 0.039 −0.009 0.128
(0.100) (0.097) (0.086) (0.097) (0.033) (0.098)
employmentOther × −0.228* −0.040 0.177 −0.029 0.018 −0.016
(0.114) (0.129) (0.123) (0.117) (0.048) (0.110)
employmentRetired −0.131 −0.097 0.034 −0.145+ 0.030 −0.045
(0.083) (0.082) (0.074) (0.077) (0.031) (0.076)
employmentStudent −0.110 −0.019 0.038 −0.121 0.014 −0.020
(0.104) (0.106) (0.101) (0.103) (0.029) (0.099)
employmentUnemployed and looking for work −0.097 −0.121 0.001 −0.177* 0.054 −0.039
(0.090) (0.088) (0.082) (0.088) (0.035) (0.085)
employmentWorking full-time −0.097 −0.064 0.015 −0.171** 0.006 0.003
(0.070) (0.068) (0.063) (0.065) (0.020) (0.062)
employmentWorking part-time −0.082 −0.057 0.067 −0.109 0.006 −0.007
(0.079) (0.077) (0.072) (0.074) (0.023) (0.071)
educationNo formal education −0.101 −0.196 0.034 −0.124 0.003 −0.195
(0.139) (0.137) (0.140) (0.127) (0.011) (0.131)
educationPost-university −0.024 −0.017 −0.087 −0.170+ 0.031 −0.182+
(0.108) (0.104) (0.108) (0.096) (0.021) (0.102)
educationPrimary school −0.007 −0.120 0.152 −0.024 0.026 −0.314*
(0.133) (0.132) (0.130) (0.125) (0.029) (0.124)
educationSecondary school −0.017 −0.141 −0.095 −0.163+ 0.019+ −0.242**
(0.101) (0.097) (0.102) (0.090) (0.011) (0.094)
educationUniversity −0.010 −0.106 −0.110 −0.193* 0.021* −0.208*
(0.100) (0.096) (0.101) (0.089) (0.010) (0.093)
has_children −0.002 −0.051+ 0.026 0.030 0.006 0.018
(0.026) (0.027) (0.024) (0.026) (0.009) (0.026)
religiosity 0.004 −0.017+ 0.005 0.017+ −0.001 0.022*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.004) (0.010)
nationalityEastern Europe (outside France) 0.095 −0.018 −0.087 −0.104 0.044 −0.019
(0.272) (0.256) (0.274) (0.269) (0.032) (0.248)
nationalityFrance 0.124 0.077 0.001 −0.159 0.050** −0.025
(0.258) (0.240) (0.264) (0.253) (0.016) (0.232)
nationalityLatin America 0.130 −0.041 0.051 −0.153 0.027 −0.260
(0.318) (0.303) (0.317) (0.313) (0.021) (0.280)
nationalityNorth Africa 0.235 0.018 0.016 −0.119 0.066* 0.113
(0.265) (0.248) (0.269) (0.261) (0.033) (0.241)
nationalityNorth America 0.232 0.579* −0.162 −0.558* 0.026 0.582*
(0.603) (0.247) (0.266) (0.256) (0.033) (0.235)
nationalityOceania 0.067 0.752** −0.333 −0.154 0.036 0.006
(0.626) (0.289) (0.284) (0.454) (0.033) (0.416)
nationalitySouth Asia 0.180 0.541* −0.301 0.083 0.021 0.245
(0.392) (0.243) (0.267) (0.342) (0.021) (0.340)
nationalitySub-Saharan Africa 0.236 −0.003 −0.061 0.111 0.073 −0.091
(0.284) (0.267) (0.282) (0.262) (0.057) (0.259)
nationalityWestern Europe (outside France) 0.075 0.083 −0.157 −0.134 0.049 0.027
(0.266) (0.249) (0.268) (0.261) (0.030) (0.241)
owner_domicile −0.067** 0.075** −0.043+ −0.072** 0.010 −0.017
(0.025) (0.026) (0.024) (0.025) (0.009) (0.025)
ambivalent_sexism_index −0.004 −0.038+ 0.101*** 0.035+ 0.001 0.014
(0.019) (0.020) (0.018) (0.019) (0.008) (0.019)
climate_beliefsA little −0.126** −0.004 −0.064 −0.135** −0.011 −0.144***
(0.043) (0.044) (0.041) (0.041) (0.013) (0.041)
climate_beliefsA lot −0.048 0.007 −0.007 −0.022 0.012 −0.038
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.032) (0.013) (0.032)
climate_beliefsDon't know −0.030 0.019 0.148+ −0.070 0.026 −0.076
(0.086) (0.089) (0.083) (0.079) (0.036) (0.084)
climate_beliefsModerately −0.112*** −0.007 −0.067* −0.070* 0.002 −0.079*
(0.034) (0.034) (0.032) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033)
climate_beliefsNot at all −0.061 0.046 −0.026 −0.132* −0.014 −0.233***
(0.062) (0.063) (0.055) (0.056) (0.016) (0.049)
pro_sociality_index 0.081*** −0.013 0.006 0.125*** 0.010+ 0.101***
(0.018) (0.018) (0.017) (0.017) (0.006) (0.017)
trust_governmentJust about always 0.033 0.104+ 0.052 0.153** 0.034 0.301***
(0.062) (0.061) (0.057) (0.056) (0.025) (0.056)
trust_governmentMost of the time −0.008 0.110* 0.086* 0.160*** 0.020 0.244***
(0.047) (0.047) (0.043) (0.044) (0.015) (0.043)
trust_governmentOnly some of the time −0.057 0.061 0.006 0.089* 0.013 0.141***
(0.042) (0.042) (0.038) (0.040) (0.014) (0.038)
participated_protest_last_12_months 0.077* 0.076* 0.048 0.207*** 0.009 0.117***
(0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.031) (0.013) (0.032)
demanded_action_last_12_months 0.006 0.003 0.047 0.063* 0.025+ 0.051+
(0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.030) (0.013) (0.031)
R2 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13
Num. obs. 1912 1864 1913 1865 1915 1867 1915 1867 1908 1860 1915 1867
RMSE 0.49 0.47 0.50 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.50 0.46 0.19 0.18 0.50 0.47

Exploratory hypotheses.

Mechanism outcomes

First, in order to probe potential mechanisms underlying our main and secondary hypotheses, we preregister a group of exploratory analyses where we investigate the impact of our treatments (and their interactions) on several psychological and attitudinal outcomes, as well as an open text response on how the treatment made the respondent feel.

Gender paternalism Global south paternalism People in some parts of the world face more climate consequences Ivory Coast more affected by climate change than France Likelihood of climate migration Extent to which migration to my country should be decreased Anger/resentment response Empathetic response Helplessness response Deserving victimhood Send message to rep. concerning what I just saw
Mechanism outcomes, French sample
Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Mechanism outcomes. Run on French sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.755*** 0.773*** 0.775*** 0.833*** 0.818*** 0.827*** 0.579*** 0.563*** 0.568*** 0.693*** 0.681*** 0.678*** 3.794*** 3.819*** 3.708*** 3.333*** 3.391*** 3.414*** 0.069*** 0.080*** 0.057*** 0.792*** 0.801*** 0.820*** 0.139*** 0.119*** 0.123*** 0.614*** 0.602*** 0.619*** 0.517*** 0.524*** 0.527***
(0.014) (0.014) (0.019) (0.012) (0.013) (0.017) (0.016) (0.016) (0.023) (0.015) (0.015) (0.021) (0.035) (0.035) (0.052) (0.042) (0.043) (0.059) (0.008) (0.009) (0.011) (0.013) (0.013) (0.017) (0.011) (0.010) (0.015) (0.016) (0.016) (0.022) (0.016) (0.016) (0.023)
treatment_female 0.018 −0.004 −0.019 −0.018 −0.006 −0.009 −0.003 0.006 0.076 0.227** −0.017 −0.047 0.031* 0.046** −0.017 −0.038 −0.014 −0.009 −0.032 −0.034 −0.036 −0.005
(0.019) (0.027) (0.018) (0.025) (0.023) (0.032) (0.021) (0.031) (0.049) (0.070) (0.061) (0.086) (0.013) (0.018) (0.019) (0.026) (0.015) (0.021) (0.022) (0.032) (0.023) (0.032)
treatment_victim −0.017 −0.039 0.011 0.012 0.026 0.023 0.022 0.030 0.025 0.172* −0.131* −0.161+ 0.007 0.022 −0.034+ −0.055* 0.027+ 0.032 −0.008 −0.009 −0.049* −0.019
(0.019) (0.028) (0.018) (0.024) (0.023) (0.032) (0.021) (0.030) (0.049) (0.070) (0.061) (0.085) (0.013) (0.016) (0.019) (0.026) (0.015) (0.022) (0.022) (0.031) (0.023) (0.032)
treatment_victim × treatment_female 0.045 −0.002 0.006 −0.017 −0.298** 0.062 −0.031 0.041 −0.011 0.004 −0.059
(0.039) (0.035) (0.045) (0.043) (0.098) (0.121) (0.025) (0.037) (0.031) (0.045) (0.045)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1902 1902 1902 1896 1896 1896 1894 1894 1894 1890 1890 1890 1886 1886 1886 1884 1884 1884 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941 1941
RMSE 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.46 0.46 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.31 1.31 1.31 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50
Gender paternalism Global south paternalism People in some parts of the world face more climate consequences Ivory Coast more affected by climate change than France Likelihood of climate migration Extent to which migration to my country should be decreased Anger/resentment response Empathetic response Helplessness response Deserving victimhood Send message to rep. concerning what I just saw
Mechanism outcomes, Ivorian sample
Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction Feminization Victimization Interaction
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Mechanism outcomes. Run on Ivorian sample. Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.900*** 0.907*** 0.903*** 0.932*** 0.929*** 0.936*** 0.584*** 0.596*** 0.573*** 0.791*** 0.776*** 0.791*** 3.584*** 3.554*** 3.545*** 2.863*** 2.910*** 2.837*** 0.033*** 0.044*** 0.043*** 0.931*** 0.902*** 0.903*** 0.037*** 0.054*** 0.053*** 0.916*** 0.907*** 0.908*** 0.861*** 0.828*** 0.850***
(0.011) (0.010) (0.015) (0.009) (0.009) (0.012) (0.018) (0.017) (0.025) (0.014) (0.015) (0.021) (0.045) (0.045) (0.066) (0.048) (0.048) (0.068) (0.006) (0.007) (0.010) (0.009) (0.011) (0.015) (0.007) (0.008) (0.011) (0.010) (0.010) (0.015) (0.012) (0.013) (0.018)
treatment_female 0.016 0.008 −0.000 −0.015 0.034 0.047 −0.012 −0.031 −0.016 0.018 0.114+ 0.143 0.011 0.001 −0.018 −0.002 0.007 0.001 0.004 −0.002 −0.049** −0.042
(0.014) (0.021) (0.013) (0.018) (0.024) (0.035) (0.020) (0.030) (0.063) (0.090) (0.067) (0.095) (0.010) (0.015) (0.013) (0.021) (0.010) (0.016) (0.014) (0.021) (0.018) (0.027)
treatment_victim 0.002 −0.006 0.006 −0.009 0.009 0.022 0.017 −0.001 0.043 0.078 0.022 0.050 −0.011 −0.021 0.038** 0.054** −0.027** −0.033* 0.020 0.014 0.016 0.023
(0.014) (0.021) (0.013) (0.018) (0.024) (0.035) (0.020) (0.029) (0.063) (0.091) (0.067) (0.095) (0.010) (0.013) (0.013) (0.018) (0.010) (0.013) (0.014) (0.020) (0.018) (0.025)
treatment_victim × treatment_female 0.015 0.030 −0.027 0.037 −0.069 −0.057 0.020 −0.032 0.013 0.012 −0.013
(0.029) (0.025) (0.049) (0.041) (0.125) (0.134) (0.019) (0.027) (0.020) (0.027) (0.037)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.41 0.41 0.41 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.34 1.34 1.34 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.37 0.37 0.37

Heterogeneous treatment effects

Second, we probe heterogeneity of treatment effects by conducting subgroup analysis and interaction analyses (between treatment and covariates of interest) with the following covariates: gender, baseline climate beliefs, age, whether or not has children, socioeconomic status, and ambivalent sexism.

Gender

Main outcomes, feminization x gender heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.412*** 0.840*** 0.417*** 0.386*** 0.809*** 0.075*** 0.796***
(0.076) (0.021) (0.028) (0.027) (0.022) (0.015) (0.023)
treatment_female 0.095 -0.017 -0.001 0.113** -0.018 0.001 0.009
(0.105) (0.029) (0.039) (0.039) (0.031) (0.021) (0.031)
male -0.081 0.009 0.050 -0.093** 0.056* 0.056** 0.002
(0.098) (0.026) (0.036) (0.035) (0.027) (0.022) (0.029)
treatment_female × male -0.062 0.010 -0.008 0.032 -0.012 0.008 0.012
(0.137) (0.038) (0.050) (0.049) (0.039) (0.030) (0.040)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
Num. obs. 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599
RMSE 1.35 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.303*** 0.459*** 0.467*** 0.278*** 0.530*** 0.038*** 0.488***
(0.062) (0.023) (0.023) (0.021) (0.023) (0.009) (0.023)
treatment_female 0.026 -0.016 0.006 0.100*** -0.026 -0.005 0.001
(0.087) (0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.032) (0.012) (0.032)
male 0.096 -0.044 0.061+ -0.019 -0.039 0.001 -0.002
(0.091) (0.032) (0.032) (0.029) (0.032) (0.012) (0.032)
treatment_female × male -0.009 -0.037 -0.001 -0.018 0.008 0.000 0.031
(0.130) (0.045) (0.046) (0.042) (0.046) (0.017) (0.046)
R2 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1924 1911 1912 1914 1914 1907 1914
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50
Main outcomes, victimization x gender heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.389*** 0.842*** 0.444*** 0.438*** 0.789*** 0.065*** 0.839***
(0.073) (0.020) (0.028) (0.028) (0.023) (0.014) (0.021)
treatment_victim 0.051 -0.020 -0.054 0.012 0.021 0.021 -0.074*
(0.105) (0.029) (0.038) (0.039) (0.031) (0.021) (0.031)
male -0.111 -0.000 0.018 -0.050 0.059* 0.072*** -0.012
(0.097) (0.026) (0.036) (0.036) (0.028) (0.021) (0.027)
treatment_victim × male -0.005 0.029 0.054 -0.055 -0.018 -0.023 0.038
(0.137) (0.038) (0.050) (0.050) (0.039) (0.030) (0.040)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
Num. obs. 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1599
RMSE 1.35 0.37 0.50 0.49 0.38 0.31 0.39
(Intercept) 0.318*** 0.458*** 0.471*** 0.318*** 0.489*** 0.041*** 0.485***
(0.060) (0.023) (0.023) (0.022) (0.023) (0.009) (0.023)
treatment_victim -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.020 0.054+ -0.010 0.008
(0.087) (0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.032) (0.012) (0.032)
male 0.043 -0.050 0.092** -0.022 0.029 -0.006 0.033
(0.089) (0.032) (0.032) (0.030) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033)
treatment_victim × male 0.097 -0.024 -0.064 -0.015 -0.127** 0.013 -0.038
(0.129) (0.045) (0.046) (0.042) (0.046) (0.017) (0.046)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1924 1911 1912 1914 1914 1907 1914
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50

Baseline climate beliefs

For the HTEs, we operationalize this as \(climate\_beliefs\_binary = 1\) if the respondent says “Moderately”, “A lot”, or “A great deal” to the following question. Other responses are coded as 0. - To what extent do you think climate change already affects or will affect your personal life negatively? Some ways climate change could affect you include irregular rains, more frequent floods, and worsening harvests that make life more expensive and more difficult.

Main outcomes, feminization x climate beliefs heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.195+ 0.862*** 0.348*** 0.448*** 0.856*** 0.088*** 0.790***
(0.112) (0.026) (0.036) (0.037) (0.026) (0.021) (0.030)
treatment_female 0.048 -0.043 0.104* 0.101+ -0.105* -0.009 -0.016
(0.158) (0.039) (0.052) (0.053) (0.042) (0.029) (0.044)
climate_beliefs_binary -0.344** -0.020 0.124** -0.153*** -0.018 0.024 0.002
(0.123) (0.030) (0.041) (0.041) (0.030) (0.025) (0.035)
treatment_female × climate_beliefs_binary 0.018 0.040 -0.138* 0.045 0.097* 0.022 0.045
(0.174) (0.044) (0.059) (0.059) (0.047) (0.035) (0.049)
R2 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.34 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 1.159*** 0.392*** 0.515*** 0.240*** 0.327*** 0.023* 0.304***
(0.108) (0.037) (0.038) (0.033) (0.036) (0.012) (0.035)
treatment_female -0.079 -0.060 0.013 0.095* 0.037 -0.002 0.080
(0.146) (0.051) (0.053) (0.048) (0.051) (0.016) (0.050)
climate_beliefs_binary -0.980*** 0.054 -0.020 0.035 0.222*** 0.018 0.223***
(0.118) (0.041) (0.042) (0.036) (0.040) (0.014) (0.040)
treatment_female × climate_beliefs_binary 0.101 0.036 -0.010 -0.003 -0.068 -0.004 -0.074
(0.162) (0.057) (0.059) (0.053) (0.057) (0.019) (0.056)
R2 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.37 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.49 0.19 0.49
Main outcomes, victimization x climate beliefs heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.305** 0.858*** 0.395*** 0.500*** 0.827*** 0.068*** 0.815***
(0.118) (0.028) (0.039) (0.039) (0.030) (0.020) (0.031)
treatment_victim 0.243 -0.031 0.008 -0.005 -0.041 0.029 -0.060
(0.159) (0.039) (0.052) (0.053) (0.042) (0.029) (0.043)
climate_beliefs_binary -0.188 -0.022 0.075+ -0.115** -0.005 0.050* 0.015
(0.129) (0.031) (0.043) (0.044) (0.033) (0.024) (0.034)
treatment_victim × climate_beliefs_binary -0.268 0.039 -0.039 -0.029 0.066 -0.026 0.013
(0.175) (0.044) (0.059) (0.060) (0.047) (0.034) (0.049)
R2 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.34 0.37 0.50 0.49 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 1.062*** 0.360*** 0.481*** 0.270*** 0.328*** 0.037** 0.354***
(0.097) (0.035) (0.036) (0.032) (0.034) (0.014) (0.035)
treatment_victim 0.119 0.002 0.085 0.042 0.039 -0.031* -0.019
(0.146) (0.051) (0.053) (0.048) (0.051) (0.015) (0.051)
climate_beliefs_binary -0.903*** 0.092* 0.046 0.048 0.219*** 0.001 0.183***
(0.109) (0.039) (0.041) (0.037) (0.039) (0.016) (0.039)
treatment_victim × climate_beliefs_binary -0.060 -0.036 -0.146* -0.037 -0.066 0.033+ 0.004
(0.162) (0.057) (0.059) (0.054) (0.057) (0.018) (0.057)
R2 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.37 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.49 0.19 0.49

Age

For the HTEs, we operationalize this as \(above\_median\_age = 1\) if the respondent’s age is above the median age category. Other responses are coded as 0.

Main outcomes, feminization x age heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.453*** 0.848*** 0.427*** 0.331*** 0.838*** 0.099*** 0.793***
(0.050) (0.013) (0.019) (0.018) (0.014) (0.011) (0.015)
treatment_female 0.116 -0.010 0.010 0.121*** -0.037+ 0.003 0.017
(0.071) (0.019) (0.026) (0.025) (0.020) (0.016) (0.021)
above_median_age -0.069 -0.017 0.164** -0.018 0.041 0.082+ -0.010
(0.170) (0.043) (0.057) (0.054) (0.039) (0.044) (0.048)
treatment_female × above_median_age -0.557** -0.019 -0.124 0.124 0.076 0.048 0.026
(0.214) (0.063) (0.081) (0.079) (0.051) (0.064) (0.065)
R2 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.34 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.264*** 0.494*** 0.489*** 0.311*** 0.580*** 0.029*** 0.531***
(0.067) (0.025) (0.025) (0.023) (0.024) (0.008) (0.024)
treatment_female -0.077 -0.030 -0.052 0.069* -0.051 -0.009 0.018
(0.097) (0.035) (0.035) (0.033) (0.035) (0.011) (0.035)
above_median_age 0.154+ -0.102** 0.016 -0.075** -0.124*** 0.017 -0.077*
(0.092) (0.032) (0.033) (0.029) (0.032) (0.012) (0.032)
treatment_female × above_median_age 0.165 -0.003 0.099* 0.041 0.053 0.007 -0.003
(0.130) (0.046) (0.046) (0.043) (0.046) (0.017) (0.046)
R2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.41 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50
Main outcomes, victimization x age heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.421*** 0.845*** 0.442*** 0.402*** 0.814*** 0.094*** 0.825***
(0.050) (0.013) (0.018) (0.018) (0.014) (0.011) (0.014)
treatment_victim 0.054 -0.004 -0.020 -0.019 0.010 0.012 -0.048*
(0.071) (0.019) (0.026) (0.026) (0.020) (0.016) (0.021)
above_median_age -0.353* -0.042 0.137* 0.072 0.093* 0.143** 0.017
(0.161) (0.048) (0.060) (0.060) (0.036) (0.050) (0.044)
treatment_victim × above_median_age -0.005 0.029 -0.064 -0.047 -0.025 -0.066 -0.020
(0.216) (0.063) (0.082) (0.081) (0.051) (0.065) (0.064)
R2 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.35 0.37 0.50 0.49 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.261*** 0.510*** 0.469*** 0.345*** 0.557*** 0.029*** 0.540***
(0.065) (0.025) (0.025) (0.023) (0.024) (0.008) (0.025)
treatment_victim -0.070 -0.061+ -0.010 -0.001 -0.003 -0.009 0.000
(0.097) (0.035) (0.035) (0.033) (0.035) (0.011) (0.035)
above_median_age 0.138 -0.136*** 0.088** -0.066* -0.094** 0.016 -0.069*
(0.089) (0.032) (0.033) (0.030) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033)
treatment_victim × above_median_age 0.193 0.064 -0.045 0.025 -0.008 0.010 -0.018
(0.130) (0.046) (0.046) (0.043) (0.046) (0.017) (0.046)
R2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.41 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50

Has children

Main outcomes, feminization x has children heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.162* 0.852*** 0.392*** 0.264*** 0.815*** 0.101*** 0.732***
(0.067) (0.018) (0.024) (0.022) (0.019) (0.015) (0.022)
treatment_female 0.008 -0.037 0.032 0.130*** -0.083** 0.007 0.040
(0.092) (0.026) (0.034) (0.032) (0.029) (0.021) (0.030)
has_children -0.612*** -0.012 0.107** 0.134*** 0.056* 0.013 0.124***
(0.094) (0.026) (0.035) (0.033) (0.026) (0.022) (0.028)
treatment_female × has_children 0.084 0.052 -0.071 0.012 0.116** 0.003 -0.040
(0.132) (0.036) (0.049) (0.048) (0.037) (0.031) (0.039)
R2 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.32 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.37 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.417*** 0.442*** 0.524*** 0.258*** 0.488*** 0.033*** 0.455***
(0.078) (0.027) (0.028) (0.024) (0.028) (0.010) (0.027)
treatment_female 0.012 -0.003 -0.044 0.086* -0.036 -0.010 0.024
(0.113) (0.040) (0.040) (0.036) (0.040) (0.013) (0.040)
has_children -0.100 -0.010 -0.039 0.017 0.033 0.008 0.050
(0.096) (0.034) (0.034) (0.030) (0.034) (0.013) (0.034)
treatment_female × has_children 0.015 -0.042 0.073 0.009 0.020 0.008 -0.013
(0.138) (0.048) (0.049) (0.045) (0.049) (0.017) (0.049)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50
Main outcomes, victimization x has children heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.166* 0.841*** 0.419*** 0.333*** 0.778*** 0.113*** 0.793***
(0.065) (0.018) (0.024) (0.023) (0.020) (0.016) (0.020)
treatment_victim 0.018 -0.015 -0.022 -0.003 -0.011 -0.017 -0.080**
(0.092) (0.026) (0.034) (0.033) (0.029) (0.021) (0.030)
has_children -0.600*** -0.000 0.074* 0.158*** 0.094*** -0.011 0.071**
(0.093) (0.026) (0.035) (0.035) (0.027) (0.022) (0.027)
treatment_victim × has_children 0.059 0.029 -0.006 -0.040 0.042 0.051 0.062
(0.132) (0.036) (0.049) (0.048) (0.037) (0.031) (0.039)
R2 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.02
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.32 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.37 0.31 0.39
(Intercept) 0.409*** 0.446*** 0.497*** 0.318*** 0.455*** 0.029** 0.452***
(0.077) (0.028) (0.028) (0.026) (0.028) (0.009) (0.028)
treatment_victim 0.028 -0.010 0.013 -0.039 0.030 -0.000 0.027
(0.113) (0.040) (0.040) (0.036) (0.040) (0.013) (0.040)
has_children -0.104 -0.019 0.032 -0.016 0.072* 0.014 0.073*
(0.095) (0.034) (0.035) (0.032) (0.034) (0.012) (0.034)
treatment_victim × has_children 0.023 -0.024 -0.071 0.078+ -0.059 -0.005 -0.057
(0.138) (0.048) (0.049) (0.045) (0.049) (0.017) (0.049)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50

Socioeconomic status

For the HTEs, we operationalize this as \(above\_median\_edu = 1\) if the respondent’s education is above the median level, 0 otherwise.

##                                                     
##                                                         0    1
##   Informal education only (including Koranic school)   35    0
##   No formal education                                  43    0
##   Post-university                                       0  213
##   Primary school                                       68    0
##   Secondary school                                   1214    0
##   University                                         1982    0
Main outcomes, feminization x SES heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.458*** 0.844*** 0.444*** 0.326*** 0.841*** 0.105*** 0.794***
(0.049) (0.013) (0.018) (0.017) (0.013) (0.011) (0.015)
treatment_female 0.072 -0.005 -0.012 0.141*** -0.032+ 0.009 0.016
(0.069) (0.019) (0.025) (0.025) (0.019) (0.016) (0.020)
above_median_edu -0.045 0.054 -0.008 0.058 0.031 0.049 -0.051
(0.222) (0.051) (0.082) (0.081) (0.056) (0.060) (0.072)
treatment_female × above_median_edu -0.269 -0.130 0.171 -0.145 0.065 -0.020 0.074
(0.316) (0.085) (0.114) (0.112) (0.074) (0.082) (0.094)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.35 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.376*** 0.432*** 0.491*** 0.268*** 0.500*** 0.037*** 0.474***
(0.047) (0.017) (0.017) (0.015) (0.017) (0.006) (0.017)
treatment_female 0.013 -0.028 0.003 0.091*** -0.011 -0.003 0.028
(0.067) (0.023) (0.024) (0.022) (0.024) (0.009) (0.024)
above_median_edu -0.345+ 0.052 0.116+ 0.005 0.142* 0.024 0.192**
(0.187) (0.064) (0.063) (0.057) (0.061) (0.030) (0.061)
treatment_female × above_median_edu 0.079 -0.057 0.021 0.021 -0.154+ -0.027 -0.172+
(0.267) (0.090) (0.089) (0.085) (0.089) (0.038) (0.089)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50
Main outcomes, victimization x SES heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) -0.441*** 0.837*** 0.451*** 0.412*** 0.817*** 0.106*** 0.824***
(0.049) (0.013) (0.018) (0.018) (0.014) (0.011) (0.014)
treatment_victim 0.038 0.008 -0.025 -0.029 0.015 0.007 -0.042*
(0.069) (0.019) (0.025) (0.025) (0.019) (0.016) (0.020)
above_median_edu -0.246 0.072 0.072 -0.072 0.115** 0.030 0.063
(0.205) (0.046) (0.078) (0.074) (0.041) (0.054) (0.050)
treatment_victim × above_median_edu 0.141 -0.187* 0.016 0.120 -0.109 0.019 -0.169+
(0.320) (0.088) (0.116) (0.113) (0.075) (0.082) (0.094)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.35 0.37 0.50 0.49 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 0.368*** 0.428*** 0.509*** 0.302*** 0.495*** 0.037*** 0.494***
(0.047) (0.017) (0.017) (0.016) (0.017) (0.006) (0.017)
treatment_victim 0.027 -0.019 -0.033 0.021 -0.000 -0.003 -0.011
(0.067) (0.023) (0.024) (0.022) (0.024) (0.009) (0.024)
above_median_edu -0.367* 0.065 0.118* 0.071 0.110+ 0.017 0.093
(0.157) (0.060) (0.059) (0.058) (0.059) (0.027) (0.060)
treatment_victim × above_median_edu 0.149 -0.099 0.014 -0.127 -0.105 -0.015 0.031
(0.280) (0.090) (0.090) (0.085) (0.091) (0.037) (0.090)
R2 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.42 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50

Socioeconomic status

For the HTEs, we use the \(ambivalent\_sexism\_index\).

Main outcomes, feminization x ambivalent sexism heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.770* 0.525*** 0.814*** 0.224* 0.751*** -0.007 0.577***
(0.303) (0.086) (0.105) (0.101) (0.075) (0.064) (0.085)
treatment_female 0.302 0.121 -0.367** -0.004 -0.078 0.084 0.244*
(0.413) (0.116) (0.142) (0.141) (0.112) (0.087) (0.112)
ambivalent_sexism_index -0.338*** 0.088*** -0.102*** 0.029 0.025 0.031+ 0.059**
(0.082) (0.023) (0.028) (0.027) (0.020) (0.018) (0.023)
treatment_female × ambivalent_sexism_index -0.066 -0.036 0.100** 0.038 0.013 -0.021 -0.062*
(0.112) (0.030) (0.038) (0.038) (0.030) (0.024) (0.030)
R2 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.33 0.36 0.49 0.48 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 1.467*** 0.314*** 0.682*** -0.009 0.186* 0.042 0.257**
(0.260) (0.088) (0.088) (0.077) (0.089) (0.037) (0.087)
treatment_female 0.073 0.045 -0.009 -0.067 0.070 -0.048 0.139
(0.389) (0.126) (0.126) (0.115) (0.127) (0.050) (0.125)
ambivalent_sexism_index -0.333*** 0.036 -0.055* 0.083*** 0.097*** -0.001 0.069**
(0.077) (0.026) (0.026) (0.023) (0.026) (0.011) (0.025)
treatment_female × ambivalent_sexism_index -0.016 -0.023 0.004 0.048 -0.027 0.013 -0.036
(0.115) (0.037) (0.037) (0.034) (0.037) (0.015) (0.037)
R2 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.40 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50
Main outcomes, victimization x ambivalent sexism heterogeneous effects
Political mobilization index Preference: poor countries vs. France Preference: adaptation vs. emergency relief Preference: gender-based vs. general Willingness to sign petition Clicks: adaptation and mitigation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Note: Robust SEs.
(Intercept) 0.848** 0.562*** 0.635*** 0.174+ 0.747*** 0.077 0.741***
(0.280) (0.079) (0.100) (0.100) (0.082) (0.059) (0.071)
treatment_victim 0.156 0.056 -0.027 0.092 -0.077 -0.081 -0.057
(0.411) (0.116) (0.141) (0.141) (0.114) (0.087) (0.112)
ambivalent_sexism_index -0.355*** 0.076*** -0.049+ 0.064* 0.021 0.008 0.024
(0.076) (0.021) (0.027) (0.027) (0.022) (0.016) (0.019)
treatment_victim × ambivalent_sexism_index -0.036 -0.015 -0.000 -0.031 0.024 0.024 0.002
(0.111) (0.030) (0.038) (0.038) (0.030) (0.024) (0.030)
R2 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Num. obs. 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614 1614
RMSE 1.33 0.36 0.50 0.49 0.38 0.31 0.40
(Intercept) 1.130*** 0.380*** 0.659*** -0.114 0.112 0.021 0.281**
(0.289) (0.096) (0.095) (0.085) (0.096) (0.030) (0.095)
treatment_victim 0.668+ -0.076 0.040 0.130 0.194 -0.003 0.079
(0.389) (0.127) (0.127) (0.116) (0.128) (0.049) (0.126)
ambivalent_sexism_index -0.234** 0.016 -0.041 0.125*** 0.116*** 0.005 0.065*
(0.085) (0.028) (0.028) (0.025) (0.028) (0.009) (0.027)
treatment_victim × ambivalent_sexism_index -0.192+ 0.015 -0.023 -0.033 -0.059 -0.000 -0.026
(0.115) (0.037) (0.037) (0.034) (0.037) (0.015) (0.037)
R2 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00
Num. obs. 1925 1912 1913 1915 1915 1908 1915
RMSE 1.40 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.19 0.50

Analysis of open text outcomes

We will come back to this after soliciting feedback on how to analyze the responses. For now, we randomly select 50 responses from each treatment category and compare them.

Comparing female to male treatments

Random Emotional Responses by Sample and Treatment
French - Male treatment French - Female treatment Ivorian - Male treatment Ivorian - Female treatment
Désolation après le dégâts causés par le changement climatique : inondation, incendie La tristesse De la peine, de la tristesse Très ému
La misère du monde Peine الشعور والقلق J’étais très emerveillé de voir la femme tenir cette pancarte en guise de sensibilisation.
Rien De la tristesse Un choc et de la compassion It sad and emotionally touching,it feels like am the one been affected by this kind of factor
Rien de particulier Tristesse Un pincement au cœur Des frissons de voir une femme dévouée
rien de particulier pourquoi une femme le changement climatique touche tout le monde le changement climatique affecte de nombreuse personnes notamment les personne qui vivent dans les zones rural le gouvernement ne faire rien pour y changer la plusieurs catastrophe naturel s’y produis mais nous ne voyions jamais passer a la télé c’est uniquement sur les réseaux sociaux Je sais pas
Ce que l’ont voit régulièrement au journal télévisé. De la souffrance De la peine de la tristesse et la désolation pour les personnes vivantes dans cet endroit. les conditions de vie sont devenues difficiles à cause du changement climatique De la peine et de la tristesse
De la tristesse De l’inquiétude Personnes souffrant de dommages climatiques C’est un sentiment de tristesse de savoir que d’autres personnes sont dévasté par le changement climatique
Pitié triste Un sentiment de colère et de pitié. La peine
De la paix De la pitié Nous devons protéger la nature pour le bien de Tous De l’émoi
On peut ressentir une personne dans le besoin de la fierté pour cette femme qui se bat pour une cause noble De la compation J’ai ressenti de la tristesse. Beaucoup de douleurs au niveau de la gente féminine
De l’empathie de la peine De la tristesse face à ce changement, les inondations et les famines don’t ses population endure face à ce changement Espérant pouvoir l’aider
Rien de spécial Sa me semblait triste يتأثر البشر بالتغيرات في درجة الحرارة Rien
Compassion on retrait sera approuvé par un modérateur sous peu. Cela ne prend généralement que quelques minutes. Pour un premier retrait, l’approbation se fait habituellement dans l’heure qui s De la compassion Une mélancolie
Émotion Je sais pas De la peine De la peine
L’envie d’aider Que le changement climatique peut engendrer beaucoup de difficultés De l’espoir de la tristesse et de l’empathie
rien du tout DE L’ADMIRATION pour cette femme Mal au cœur Une femme souffrant de la climatisation
Rien en particulier Solidarité, compréhension le changement climatique peut occasionner l’exode rurale avec son corolaire de maladie, et autres effets negatifs La petitesse de l’homme face à la nature
C’est une tristesse de plus, une cause de plus du réchauffement climatique Il faut faire des efforts contre le réchauffement climatique Je me suis sentir incapable de lui venir en aide J’étais contente de voir une femme lutter contre le changement climatique
Image montrant la mauvaise image pour la nature et surtout l humaine tristesse Une profonde tristesse et un désir de changement EN VOYANT L IMAGE SUR LA PHOTO J AI RESSENTI DE LA PITIÉ POUR CETTE DAME
Action Empatie Un sentiment d’impuissance De l’empathie
Triste de la tristesse J’ai eu très mal J’ai mal au cœur
De la tristesse et un sentiment d’impuissance. La difficulté d’une communauté pitié De la peine pour les femmes rurales
Je trouve que cela est dur et pas très normal de.nos jours De la tristesse et du désespoir J’avais aucun ressenti pour vous dire vrais, mais j’ai la peine pour ceux qui y vie ceux gens de situations J’ai ressenti que ont doit aidez les femmes qui souffre dans les activités plusieurs femmes où homme sont victimes dur climat
de la pitié De la tristesse CHALLENGING AND SEARCHING FOR BETTER IDEAS ALWAYS AGAINST THE CLIMATS CHANGING Se sentir à agir contre le changement climatique dans ma région, dans mon pays, dans ma communauté pour le bien des habitants. Nous devons prendre conscience pour oeuvrer pour nous même pour l’évolution des choses à venir
Je ne sais pas J’ai ressenti une très grande préoccupation à cause du changement climatique et des saisons qui ne ressemble plus à J’ai ressentir que les Hommes font beaucoup de chose pour détruit la terre mais peu de chose pour la guérie De la peine
J’ai ressenti de la détresse et l’envie de vouloir aider cette femme de l’empathie pour cette femme et de la tristesse pour l’avenir L’homme avait l’air touché par sa condition. Je perçu une certaine tristesse, me remémorerant un lointain souvenir. Triste
De la tristesse De la peine De la compassion UN SENTIMENT ETRANGE, UN SENTIMENT D’AIDE, UNE ENVIE DE CREER DES ACTIONS FACE AUX CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE
De la honte De la pitié De la compation J’étais toucher Par l’image que je viens de visionner c’est tellement triste de voir que certains pays souffre à cause du changement climatique
Tristesse en voyant la photo je vois une femme qui avance dans l’eau De l’émotion La compassion
Aberrznt Pitié la joie Empathie et admiration : on peut ressentir du respect pour son courage et son engagement, surtout si elle semble jeune ou vulnérable, mais déterminée.
Rié’́ Un mal être De la tristesse L’impuissance des personnes victimes de catastrophes naturelles
La personne avait trop chaud J’ai ressenti beaucoup d’empathie pour les victimes et cela m’a fais comprendre l’impacte du réchauffement climatique dans notre monde. je me suis sentir choqué de voir ce jeune homme victime d un changement climatique RAS
Rien en particulier De la tristesse De la compatibilité De l empathie
Compassion Ca m’attriste de voir que des personnes sont victimes du dérèglement climatique et que les femmes en sont les plus touchées, ce qui nest pas logique j’ai ressenti un besoin d’aider les personnes vivant dans les zones fortement destructrices En mobilisant les gens pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique nous pouvons les aider Je me suis senti concerné à la lutte contre le changement climatique
De la tristesse une triste realité, qui malheureusement sera de plus en plus fréquent Un sentiment de peur et de dégoût car par manque de moyens les situations de grandes catastrophes produisent des déplacements à risques comme sur cette photo Une femme qui se bat pour le climat
La misère impuissance Solidarité avec ceux qui luttent contre le changement climatique J’ai voulu participer
ras le bol de l’empathie et la crainte de l’avenir J’ai ressenti la peine pour ce monsieur en difficulté d’inondation De la tristesse
Pas de ressenti particulier De la peine Inquiète Qu’il faut prendre au sérieux le cas du réchauffement climatique et aussi de ses conséquences sur l’environnement et l’être humain
De l’empathie UNE FEMME QUI LEVE UNE PANCARTE POUR LUTTER EVTER QUE NOTRE PLANE EXPLOSE EN PLUS CETTE PERSONNE VIE DANS UN PAYS PAUVRE الشعور والقلق L’image m’a rendue triste.
De la compassion Sa ma fais de la peinne Je ressens de la peine pour l’adulte arrêté dans une cour d’eau sans dépense. De l’engagement pour la cause
LES EFFETS du changement climatique C est touchant et sa sensibilise au changement climatique D’abord un sinistre, et une personne en détresse, et qui risque des maladies, un appel a l aide humanitaire Triste et choqué
La gratitude Pitié J’ai recentrire de la paine et de lpitiee. Une envie de lutter contre la détérioration du climat
Désolation Tristesse Nous provoquons la nature Mélancolie
Rien de particulier Voyant l’image et ressenti de la tristesse et de la compassion. Des êtres humains victimes de catastrophes naturelles j’etais tellement triste
De la tristesse une relative indifférence dans la mesure ou moi je ne peux rien faire et pour le reste du monde je ne suis pas sur du tout Voulant l’aider Nous devons tous faire pour préserver la nature qu’à le changement climatique est destructeur
De la tristesse de l’injustice et de la détresse Empathie et inquiétude Une paine
c’était trop artificiel Très sympa En voyant l’image, j’ai ressenti une profonde émotion mêlée à de la réflexion. L’image semblait porter un message fort qui m’a poussé à me questionner sur la société, la condition humaine, et les réalités que nous choisissons parfois d’ignorer. Elle m’a rappelé l’importance de l’empathie, de la justice et du rôle que chacun peut jouer pour améliorer le monde autour de soi. La tristesse
gêne et suprise Rien En réflexion, comment je pourrais aider aussi, par quelles actions… Empathie et inquiétude
Envie de l aider Aucun La compassion La crainte pour notre avenir Espérant qu’il pourra être aidé
il faut ofrire des aides aux personnes victimes L’image confirmait pour moi l’importance du dérèglement climatique en montrant une marre d’eau en Afrique, contient sec par excellence Demande d’aide personne en détresse J’ai ressentis une empathie pour cette dame

Comparing victim to agent treatments

Random Emotional Responses by Sample and Treatment
French - Agent treatment French - Victim treatment Ivorian - Agent treatment Ivorian - Victim treatment
Tristesse De la tristesse Pas grand chose Le faite qu’il faut redoubler d effort pour notre planète
une femme qui se bat contre le changement climatique de l’empathie pour cette femme et de la tristesse pour l’avenir La détresse De la compassion et de la tristesse
L’image confirmait pour moi l’importance du dérèglement climatique en montrant une marre d’eau en Afrique, contient sec par excellence De la tristesse et de l’étonnement pour la personne je me suis sentie interpellée J’ai ressenti de la pitié en même temps de la tristesse 🤦
Absolument rien je ne sais pas Une rage et une tristesse pour cette personne LA TRISTESSE POUR CETTE FEMME EN PLEINE MARRE D’EAU
Tristesse De la tristesse et envie de l aider et être a sa place pour la secourire Triste et reconnaissant Un regret
De la compassion et de la tristesse le fait de voir une femme porter, je me demande ou est son homme, il ferait mieux de l’aider!!!! une joie De la pitié et de la compassion
la conscience C’est un pays qui souffre depuis des années; les températures elles connaissent, elles y sont habitué, comme dans tout ces pays, la misère mais Balavoine à été le premier à vouloir faire la lutte contre la pauvreté et accès à l’eau, forage de puits et j’en passe r une femme engagée, peut-être jeune ou issue d’une communauté peu représentée, rappelle que le changement peut venir de n’importe qui. Cela donne de l’espoir pour l’avenir. de la peine
Ça fait de la peine pour les pays pauvres Innondation dans un pays du tiers monde J’ai ressenti beaucoup de peine De la tristesse, de voir une femme touchée par une innodation, obligé de se frayer un chemin dans les eaux
je ne sais pas j’étais sensibilisé sur l’effet des changements climatiques sur la vie des habitants des pays pauvres Un sentiment de soutien contre se phénomène Blessé
De la compassion pleurs et tristesse De la compassion Du pitié pour des familles victimes de cette situation
Solidarité Rien De la rage J’ai ressenti l’incapacité de l’homme face aux changements climatique
De la detresse De la tristesse pour cet homme Compatissant Une profonde désolation
De la tristesse de l’appréhension par rapport au changement climatique Un homme fuyant une inondation La joie Rien
peine pour l’homme qui vit une catastrophe Pas grand chose la détresse dans le regard de l’homme I agreed with him
Que la situation climatique est urgente Il faut faire des efforts contre le réchauffement climatique It makes me feel so sorry for thet De la tristesse
De la tristesse et de la détresse La vulnérabilité des femmes Aucun ressentiment Impact négatif du changement climatique
DE LA PEUR POUR LES GENERATIONS A VENIR DE LA TRISTESSE POUR CETTE FEMME une grande tristesse pour ces pour gens qui vivent dans ces pays en voie de développement Un sentiment de révolte Une femme vulnérable du fait du changement climatique
Un sentiment de lutte .. contre le climat Très triste la femme a tout perdu elle sauve se qu’il lui reste a l’aide d’un sceau J’ai vue une femme déterminée à se faire entendre car etant victime du changement climatique cela ne l’arrange en rien pour soit ces activités ou pour d’autres choses alors cela m’a peinée en tout cas ça ne m’a pas laisser indifferente. De la compassion
Pauvreté Tristesse la compassion, jai eu mal de voir sa souffrance, ce qu’ils endurent n’est pas facile Une immense tristesse
interessant de voir une femme militer pour le climat Tristesse J’étais triste car le changement climatique est bien réel partout a travers le monde et en Afrique rare sont ces personnes là qui lutte activement contre ce fléau rien
je suis de tout cœur avec lui de la tristesse De la motivation De la.compation pour l’humanité
De la tristesse pour cette femme Triste I’m feeling really sad La compassion
De la tristesse En difficultés Un sentiment de motivation Empathy and Concern
La détresse de cet homme qui alerte sur sa situation d’urgence. De la peine pour cette femme J’ai ressenti de la compassion pour cet homme qui a tout perdu. Et j’ai automatiquement cherché comment il pouvait s’en sortir j’étais ébouillir en voyant la photo
Qu’il faut lutter contre le réchauffement climatique De la tristesse de voir ses pauvres personnes malheureuse De la tristesse je n’ai vu aucune image
Rire La tri de voir la personne avec son seau sur la tête pour les travaux de la nature manque d’eau Je sens abattu face à cette image Ses populations ont été abandonnée à leur propre sort
luute essentiel contre le rechauffement climatique la réalité des pays pauvres fierté Triste
Compassion Limage montre une femme soumise au réchauffement climatique Un sentiment désagréable en rapport à la nature J’ai ressenti une désolation et une pitié pour les habitants de ce village dévasté
Un petit pincement au cœur de la tristesse L’urgence de la dit Je ressenti de la pitié et de la peine face à cette situation critique des phénomènes naturel dans lequel subissait cet homme
de la tristesse au minorités a qui on ne pense pas forcément en matières d’environnement De la peine Tristesse
Tristesse Bien ELLE FAIT REFLECHIR SUR LES DANGER DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE AINSI QUE CES NOMBREUX PROBLEMES Ce que j’ai vue , une femme souffrent et l’eau l’enveillir. Il faut qu’ont vienne on son secours a cause de la situation climatique
En voyant cette image j’ai ressenti de la tristesse pour cette homme Du mal J’ai ressenti en voyant cette image de la peine, de la pitié et de la révolte qui m’a sensibilisé sur l’importance de prendre soin de notre environnement pour éviter les catastrophes naturelles subies dans le monde entier. Je me suis sentir incapable de lui venir en aide
Rie5 De la compassion I feel very glad even get the envy of helping people in sensitizing them to the benefit of fighting climate change in their distinguished societies. J’ai ressenti de la compation
J’ai ressenti de la motivation pour faire changer les choses De la tristesse La Joi J’ai ressenti de la peine a l’égard de l’homme victime du changement climatique parce que il sont nombreux a être victime du coup d’autre non plus de logements et reste dans les rue
tristesse implication De la tristesse et de la pitié Sorrow and compassionate J’ai ressenti de la pitié pour cette femme que j’ai vu sur la photo.
L’originalité l appelle à l’aide De la tristesse L’envie de changer les choses et la tristesse De l’empathie
Une profonde compatie De la compassion J’ai récenti une rage et une envie de lutter Empathie et inquiétude
De la peine pour l’homme car c’est une victime dans ce monde malheureusement géré par des gouverneurs qui n’agissent pas Ému Il faut aider à lutter contre le changement climatique J’étais toucher Par l’image que je viens de visionner c’est tellement triste de voir que certains pays souffre à cause du changement climatique
une prise en compte d’une dure réalité La tristesse Une satisfaction pour le bien de la population Douleur et regret
De l inquietude De la frustration Une détermination De la compation
Rien De la peine un mal être environnemental Empathie et inquiétude
J’ai ressenti de la tristesse Tristesse Empathie et inquiétude Tristesse
Compassion Une femme en détresse qui subi totalement le changement climatique en l’occurrence une inondation Un peu triste Je me suis senti peiné
Électrochoc Ce sont toujours les pauvres qui trinquent et qui sont les premiers victimes du dérèglement climatique Un pincement au cœur J’ai vu l’impact du chantier climatique dans la vie quotidienne des plus démunis, j’ai eu un sentiment de pitié face a leur faiblesse face à ce phénomène
Beaucoup de peine, impossible de venir en aide ,c’est triste de la tristesse Triste J’ai ressentie une grande tristesse qui me rappelle de ce qui c’était passé dans la ville. L’inondation qui a emporté toute une famille.
Rien de spécial De la pitié J’ai eu un peu mal Rien
De la fierté J’ai senti qu’il faut et qu’il est nécessaire de venir en aide à ses personnes. Enthousiaste It made me feel sad
Tristesse, surtout dans les circonstances que la photo 📷 est prise L Afrique C’est un sentiment de tristesse de savoir que d’autres personnes sont dévasté par le changement climatique De la peine
j’ai ressenti de l’empathie La détermination et le désespoir Solidarité avec ceux qui luttent contre le changement climatique J’avais aucun ressenti pour vous dire vrais, mais j’ai la peine pour ceux qui y vie ceux gens de situations
Tristesse devant cette femme dans un paysage inondée et sa vache sur l’îlot Rien de particulier I felt sad Un sentiment de tristesse et de compassion pour les femmes du monde en général et de l’Afrique en particulier, qui sont souvent les premières victimes de catastrophes naturelles et autres situations créées par nos comportements incontrôlés

Complier average causal effects.

M1.

Ivorian sample French sample Pooled sample
M1, CACEs
(1) (2) (3)
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Each model is an instrumental variables regression of the political mobilization index outcome, with the instrument being an indicator for being assigned to the female condition and the endogenous variable being whether or not the respondent identified the person in the image as female. Unadjusted models presented.
(Intercept) -0.464*** 0.347*** -0.019
(0.053) (0.056) (0.040)
fit_gender_compliance_identified_as_woman 0.061 0.026 0.034
(0.079) (0.083) (0.060)
Num.Obs. 1609 1911 3520
R2 0.000 -0.000 0.000
Wald (x_endo_1) 4260.745 3146.662 7064.233

M2.

Ivorian sample French sample Pooled sample
M2, CACEs
(1) (2) (3)
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Each model is an instrumental variables regression of the political mobilization index outcome, with the instrument being an indicator for being assigned to the victim condition and the endogenous variable being whether or not the respondent identified the person in the image as a victim. Unadjusted models presented.
(Intercept) -0.490*** 0.261* -0.082
(0.091) (0.111) (0.074)
fit_victim_compliance_identified_as_victim 0.066 0.109 0.084
(0.128) (0.158) (0.105)
Num.Obs. 1584 1841 3425
R2 -0.002 -0.000 -0.001
Wald (x_endo_1) 713.312 449.405 1117.955

M3.

Ivorian sample French sample Pooled sample
M3, CACEs
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Each model is an instrumental variables regression of the support for climate adaptation outcomes, with the instrument being an indicator for being assigned to the female condition and the endogenous variable being whether or not the respondent identified the person in the image as a woman. Unadjusted models presented.
(Intercept) 0.847*** -0.464*** 0.316*** 0.846*** 0.107*** 0.791*** 0.440*** 0.347*** 0.247*** 0.514*** 0.040*** 0.485*** 0.623*** -0.019 0.277*** 0.664*** 0.070*** 0.623***
(0.014) (0.053) (0.019) (0.015) (0.012) (0.016) (0.020) (0.056) (0.018) (0.020) (0.007) (0.020) (0.014) (0.040) (0.013) (0.013) (0.007) (0.013)
fit_gender_compliance_identified_as_woman -0.012 0.061 0.157*** -0.035 0.010 0.022 -0.036 0.026 0.121*** -0.026 -0.007 0.019 -0.020 0.034 0.139*** -0.026 0.002 0.024
(0.021) (0.079) (0.029) (0.022) (0.018) (0.023) (0.029) (0.083) (0.027) (0.029) (0.011) (0.029) (0.020) (0.060) (0.020) (0.020) (0.011) (0.020)
Num.Obs. 1609 1609 1609 1609 1609 1609 1898 1911 1901 1901 1894 1901 3507 3520 3510 3510 3503 3510
R2 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.001 0.001 -0.001 0.001 -0.000 0.015 0.001 -0.000 -0.000 0.001 0.000 0.011 0.001 0.000 -0.001
Wald (x_endo_1) 4260.745 4260.745 4260.745 4260.745 4260.745 4260.745 3164.606 3146.662 3175.82 3176.815 3149.178 3176.322 7094.269 7064.233 7107.775 7108.674 7075.823 7108.228

M4.

Ivorian sample French sample Pooled sample
M4, CACEs
Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay Prefers adaptation finance in poor countries vs. France Prefers adaptation finance vs. emergency relief Prefers gender-based adaptation finance vs. general programming Willingness to sign petition Clicks to learn more about climate adaptation Willingness to pay
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Each model is an instrumental variables regression of the support for climate adaptation outcomes, with the instrument being an indicator for being assigned to the victim condition and the endogenous variable being whether or not the respondent identified the person in the image as a victim. Unadjusted models presented.
(Intercept) 0.846*** -0.490*** 0.425*** 0.817*** 0.103*** 0.866*** 0.471*** 0.261* 0.305*** 0.523*** 0.042** 0.522*** 0.640*** -0.082 0.363*** 0.656*** 0.069*** 0.683***
(0.025) (0.091) (0.033) (0.025) (0.021) (0.027) (0.039) (0.111) (0.036) (0.039) (0.015) (0.039) (0.025) (0.074) (0.024) (0.024) (0.013) (0.025)
fit_victim_compliance_identified_as_victim -0.007 0.066 -0.040 0.019 0.014 -0.097* -0.070 0.109 0.017 -0.018 -0.008 -0.018 -0.034 0.084 -0.012 0.003 0.004 -0.058+
(0.035) (0.128) (0.047) (0.036) (0.030) (0.038) (0.055) (0.158) (0.052) (0.056) (0.021) (0.056) (0.035) (0.105) (0.035) (0.034) (0.019) (0.035)
Num.Obs. 1584 1584 1584 1584 1584 1584 1830 1841 1832 1832 1826 1832 3414 3425 3416 3416 3410 3416
R2 -0.000 -0.002 0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.008 -0.003 -0.000 -0.002 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001 0.001 -0.000 -0.000 -0.002
Wald (x_endo_1) 713.312 713.312 713.312 713.312 713.312 713.312 450.16 449.405 456.116 457.58 456.395 457.051 1119.649 1117.955 1127.097 1128.933 1127.852 1128.347